Theories of Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Theories of Decision Making EssayTheories of Decision Making The cerebral Comprehensive Model The rational spatiotemporal model is based on the reasoning of economists, mathematicians, and psychologists.It assumes that the decisionmaker can depict the problem, that the decisionmakers goals, set, and objectives be clear and ranked in accord with their importance, that alternative ways of addressing the problem are considered, that the cost and benefits or advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are investigated, that alternatives and their consequences can be compared with other alternatives, and that the decisionmaker will need the alternative that maximizes the attainment of his or her goals, values, and objectives. However, problems are non always clearly defined problems have to be formulated in a way which enables people to make decisions just about them. Decisionmakers must have colossal amounts of information in order to make use of the rational comprehen sive decision-making technique. There needs to be an ability to predict the future consequences of decisions made. Also, problems confronting decisionmakers often embody conflicting values. In addition, it is tough to ignore the drop down costs of former decisions, these whitethorn foreclose many alternatives.Moreover, this model of decisionmaking assumes that there is one (unitary) decisionmaker, when in concomitant a great many people, raises and institutions are usually involved. The incremental Theory Attempts to correct deficiencies of the rational comprehensive model and to better describe how policy decisionmakers human actionually behave have resulted in incremental theory. Incremental theory holds that the selection of goals and objectives is intertwined with, not distinct from, the scientific outline of the problem.Decision makers tho consider alternatives for relations with a problem that differs marginally (incrementally) from existing policies (suggesting that th ey do not completely remake policy any time they make a policy decision, but instead refashion existing policy). For each alternative, save important consequences are considered. Problems confronting the decisionmaker are continually redefined. Constant ends-means and, means-ends adjustments are made to better manage policy. seldom are there ever single decisions or totally correct solutions available to resolve a problem.A good decision is one that policy makers can agree on, not one that may be most appropriate for an agreed objective. Incremental decisionmaking is remedial, not holisticly-devised or future-oriented. Rarely are decisions face in all or nothing terms. Mixed Scanning Okay, this one is pretty simple. Sociologist Amitai Etzioni (you need only remember his last name) found fault with both the rational-comprehensive model of decisionmaking and the incremental model of decisionmaking. His mixed scan approach considers both fundamental and incremental decisions.Mixed examine incorporates a broad-based analysis sometimes and an in-depth analysis at other times. It considers the differing capacities of decisionmakers. Etzionis approach is not very specific about how mixed scanning could be used in practice. Decision Criteria Decisions can be studied as an individual or collective process. First, consider the role of values in decisionmaking. determine are a big softwood in presidential campaigns witness Dan Quayle and Murphy Brown squabbling over values projected by a fictional TV character who elects to have a child out of wedlock.Much of the Clinton vs. Dole 1996 Presidential campaign involved disputes about values big government vs. small government, pro-life vs. pro-choice, and pro-gun control vs. antigun control, et cetera. set Below are five categories of values which sometimes guide decisionmakers. Organizational Values Decision makers, curiously bureaucrats, are influenced by organizational values. Sometimes agencies use rewards and sa nctions in subtle ways to induce their members to act in accordance with organizational values.Wearing a common uniformas do the police, firefighters, the military, the parkland Service and the Forest Service, et ceterais one way those organizations attempt to build common values among their workers. Organizational values involve the promotion of organizational interests in the decisionmaking of those in the collectivity. Professional Values The norms of ones trading instill values that are often critical in decisionmaking. Lawyers ( study it or not), doctors, professors, and other occupational strengths requiring years of training, education, and ork experience embody professional norms or values that shape decisionmaking behavior.Personal Values This can involve personal ambitions, reputation, and self-interest. Note that rational choice theorists put far too some(prenominal) weight on explaining the behavior of individuals in terms of self-interest. This is understandable bec ause so much of self-interest is tie to scotch gain, which can be modeled in elegant, mathematical, and abstract terms. Policy Values This means acting on the basis of perceived public interest or acting in accordance with beliefs about what is proper, ethical, necessary, or morally correct.The Small Business Administration is filled with people who are likely to believe that small businesses are worthwhile, need help to survive, and promote beneficial public interests. Ideological Values Rationalizing and legitimizing actions on the basis of a political ideology (or belief system). demesnealism was a paramount ideology in explaining the behavior of many leaders (and average people) during Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations against Iraq. conservativism and liberalism, although over-used and often misunderstood as American political ideologies, manifest ideological values.Political Party tie-in Party membership is interwoven with leadership influence, policy values, and i deological values. However, the Republican and Democratic parties are bundle membership parties that seek to appeal to an extremely broad range of political interests and ideologies. Also, party members are not nearly as cohesive in voting as they once were (more people vote demolish tickets than vote along straight party lines). Party is still a pretty good forecaster of how most legislators will vote on a bill. Parties are sometimes associated with specific policy positions.Constituency Interests When party interests conflict with constituency interests, legislators usually vote in favor of their constituency interests. A legislators constituency is made up of the voters and call interests that elected him or her to office. Legislators are delegates sometimes, and trustees other times. As delegates they decide matters in accordance with the views of the majority of their constituents or in accordance with a vital block of back-home interests. As delegates they attempt to anti cipate the feelings and sentiments of their constituents.When legislators behave as trustees, they consider interests beyond their constituencies. They may think about National interests, the greater public good, international issues, broadbased economic concerns, charity, future generations, interests with little or no political representation, and protecting the National and global environment, et cetera. Public sight Public opinion usually has an impact on policy decisionmaking when decisions involve broad direction or thrust. Most members of the general public have a very limited knowledge of what policy makers are considering.Public opinion does impact foreign policy in a broad sense. Deference Deferring to the perceptiveness of others occurs when administrators obey the wishes of their politically appointed superiors, or when legislators vote in accordance with the wishes of the top representatives or senators who head word key committees or subcommittees. Judges defer when they interpret laws in accordance with the wishes of the legislative originators of the statute. Decision Rules contemplate decisis is sometimes a decision rule. It means new decisions are often based on precedents in decisionmaking that came before.It also applies to committee decisionmaking dynamics. THE PUBLIC INTEREST This is tough to define. It is sometimes thought of as the outcome of competing interest group forces. The public interest may involve decisionmaking aimed at helping the Nation as a whole, rather than seeking to benefit selfish special interests. Some may argue that reducing the federal deficit or balancing the Federal budget advances the public interest. Some may reason that maintaining the Nations capacity to mobilize and respond to disaster threats is in the public interest.