Fanning the Flame at Tiblana Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fanning the Flame at Tiblana - Case Study Example As a result, there is a looming threat of current or potential customers perceiving the company as insensitive to clients’ complaints, if it ignores the customer’s online complaints. I should immediately begin monitoring and be responding to the customer’s criticism appropriately. I must rush to my organization’s online sites and social media platforms to convince followers and clients that Tiblana will always remain a thought leader among its customers when it comes to quality candles. I will not forget embracing business and professional review websites like Yelp and Angie’s List to respond to reviews about Tiblana. According to Dennis, all responses in an online platform will always be professional and intended to both mitigate the reputational damage and appease the customer (19). As much as my invaluable asset as a social media manager is time, a company’s reputation is its most crucial asset (Dennis 15). Damage to its image among the customers may result in a massive loss of customers, revenue, investors, and employees. Thus, the risk of reputation is something that a company can no longer ignore. The proliferation of social media platforms has heightened these concerns. Tiblana’s reputation can be ruined in a matter of minutes. It is because more disgruntled customers and competitors join the complaining customer to broadcast defamatory information, often under anonymity. If I fail to spend time in counteracting the information, they will instantly be accepted to be true worldwide. In my addressing and researching the customer’s issue and social media impact, I should involve the personnel of the company. The entire sales and marketing department and staff need to know the matter to enable them to boost their marketing strategies against competitors and false accusations. I also need to notify the technical and production department personnel that manufactured the specific batch.

Hindi matter on fashion Essay Example for Free

Hindi matter on fashion Essay Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan today is among one of the World’s fastest growing population, now estimated as over 170 million. Due to lack of large river regulation capability through sizeable storages, the country is already facing serious shortages in food grains. Given the present trend, Pakistan could soon become one of the food deficit countries in the near future. Therefore, there is a dire need to build storages for augmenting agriculture production. reservoirs have already lost about 5,000,000 acre feet (6. 2Ãâ€"109 m3) due to sedimentation. Electricity needed Employement India wants its supremacy in the region; therefore, it is not resolving the water and Kashmir disputes. Politics has strong links to trade as political disputes led to blocking of trade India should display seriousness to practically resolve Kashmir and water disputes for trade and economic cooperation between Pakistan and India. Pakistani traders and industrialists want trade ties with India despite some reservations. There are chances of war on the water issue. Improvement in bilateral ties could benefit both the countries, but friendship should not be made at the cost of Kashmir and water. Climate affects the IWT or India’s building of reservoirs It gives India rights to the natural flow of water of the Indus three eastern tributaries the Ravi, Sutlej and Beas while Pakistan controls the main Indus channel itself and two western rivers, the Jhelum and Chenab. Pakistan has increasingly raised concerns about data sharing and transparency, particularly because the upper reaches of all of the rivers lie in Indian-controlled territory, giving that nation greater scope for control of the entire Indus river system. harvesting summer stream water into 3,000 litre gravity-fed storage tanks. Up to 30 percent of water is lost from the countrys unlined irrigation canals, experts said.

Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Mogul Tale Essay -- Mughal Tale

Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Mogul Tale The year 1784 found an earnest young female playwright, Elizabeth Inchbald, sitting down to pen what would become her â€Å"first success as a writer† humbly titled A Mogul Tale.1[1]. The story involves what appears to be an outlandish plot, since it is a farce which revolves around a party of London ballooners who accidentally land in the seraglio of a great mogul2[2]. But applied research finds that Mrs. Inchbald had indeed done her homework, for the dynasty of the Mughals (as modernity has changed the spelling) really did exist. In researching the great Mughal Dynasty in India, one finds that Inchbald’s work appears to be less fantastic, and even more plausible as an event that could have, indeed, happened, although the thought that a primitive Eighteenth Century balloon would have probably not been able to fly the distance that Inchbald’s work suggests. The Mughal Dynasty was a line of Muslim emperors who reigned in India from 1526 to 1858.3[3] The line began with Babur as the first great Mughal emperor. He was a descendant of the Turkish conqueror Timur on his father's side and of the Mongol (in Persian, mughal) conqueror Genghis Khan on his mother's side.4[4] Babur came to power with the defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat.5[5] During his reign as the Mughal, Babur extended his empire to Punjab and Bihar.6[6] Babur served as the Mughal for only four brief years, but he left his imprint on the whole of his empire for years to come. His reign came to an end in 1530 with his death, at which time he was succeeded by his son Humayun. Humayun reigned for only ten years before being defeated by Sher Shah, an Afghan who ruled north India for fifteen years in ... ...Web: (http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects/tajmahal/mughal.html) 4[4] Lashkari. 5[5] Deepali, Naren. The Mughal Dynasty [online]. 2003- [cited 18 November 2003]. Available on World Wide Web: (http://www.geocities.com/narenp/history/history/mughal.htm) 6[6] Deepali. 7[7] Lashkari. 8[8] Lashkari. 9[9] Lashkari. 10[10] Deepali. 11[11] Lashkari. 12[12] Deepali. 13[13] Lashkari. 14[14] Lashkari. 15[15] Deepali. 16[16] â€Å"Aurangzeb Alamgir’s Reign.† The Story of Pakistan [online]. 2003- [cited 17 November 2003]. Available on World Wide Web: (http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A019) 17[17] Lashkari. 18[18] Deepali. 19[19] Lashkari. 20[20] Holt, P.M. â€Å"The Mughals.† A Dictionary of Eighteenth Century World History. Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. 1994. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. 21[21] â€Å"Aurangzeb Alamgir’s Reign.† 22[22] Deepali.

Essay --

Cloning Cloning may have many dangerous processes, reproductive cloning, the creating of a new organism, and cloning, the creation of a new tissues or other biological products such as food animals plants people and other stuff, which affects the human society which is not good at all. Scientists says cloning may benefit all men and women, religious leaders stress the idea of cloning to be a bad process that should never happen and they should get rid of the idea. Human cloning may serve as an aid to the children and parents with problems, cloning is not good at all to human life to see as a product to make money off or to be lazy. Humans reproductively and mentally give the idea of people becoming a product rather than a living human being. Taylor emphasizes that â€Å"reproductive cloning could also represent an enormous step in direction of transforming human procreation into human life†. In other words, reproductive cloning will create a world full of dolls that will remove every trace of living beings which is not a good thing to have. Though it is hard to believe the world becoming a doll house for each family, it has come to a conclusion that the ability of cloning and creating children is questioning everybody about cloning and how it will effect the world. what does it mean to be a human think about it. If it was not bad enough for this world to describe some of the people to be looked upon as nothing but a thing or be made fun of, cloning pushes the idea to a whole new level. By opening the door to things such as manipulation with doubles it could get really bad. Caplan states, as she despe rately explains the fear in cloning, â€Å"of wanting to be someone else, it can treat them as objects instead of person,† To even add ... ...ly fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic. 6. "A Plasmid Toolkit for Cloning Chimeric Cdnas Encoding Customized Fusion Proteins into Any Gateway Destination Expression Vector." n.d.: n. pag. Print. This source is a very useful source. It compares with the other articles because it’s about cloning. The information in the article is reliable. This source is objective. The goal of this source is to tell people what we don’t know about cloning. The text in this source could easily fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic.

Mask Analysis

Lucy Grealy’s Masks Analysis In the story â€Å"Masks† Lucy Grealy is battling a lethal form of cancer but her struggle through the story is her self-confidence concerning her looks. As Lucy is growing up, the teasing and her self-consciousness about her physical appearance keep increasing. People’s physical beauty is somewhat important to how they see themselves because it affects their confidence. Sometimes when people are nicely dressed, do their hairs or makeup, they feel more confident about themselves than they do if they didn’t.In our culture we almost see a lack of physical beauty or a physical deformity as a disability that prevents you from being like other people. We allow our confidence and self-esteem influence our abilities. The more confidence a person has the less limitation they put on themselves. A person with a physical disability or deformity might feel less free or confident about themselves because how society might perceive them. For example, the first time Lucy is wearing her mask when she is celebrating Halloween she says, â€Å"I felt such freedom: I waltzed up to people effortlessly and boldly. When she wore the mask for the first time she realized how self-conscious she was about her appearance and how that affected her confidence. Some people would probably feel the same way Lucy did if they had faced what Lucy had through her life. Although she was a brave and strong person for fighting her disease, the thing that affected her confidence the most was her looks. Our culture judges a book by its cover. People usually will judge other people by their physical appearance when they first meet someone.That first impression is how we think a person is whether it been smart, successful, confident, or the opposite. People make it so important to be looked as â€Å"normal† that they will behave and look a certain way just to be perceived as normal by the people around them. A person’s physical appea rance will also influence the way people interact with each other. We see with Lucy the way her harassment about her looks influences her. When the teasing comes from a smaller group when Lucy was younger she would retaliate by retorting things back at the boys bothering her.As Lucy got to junior high and the group was larger and she knew less people, she became more isolated. Lucy stated that when she was teased in the hallways of the schools she would â€Å"simply looked down at the floor and walked more quickly. † The teasing got to such a point that she would completely isolate herself during lunch by eating with her guidance counselor. As she got older she, â€Å"viewed other people both critically and sympathetically. She tried to figure out why people would act the way they did with her and in general, as a way to cope with her situation. Some people have the attitude that they are better than someone with a physical deformity or physical disability because they donâ €™t look â€Å"normal,† which they almost see as a handicap. It would help in our culture to break that perception by knowing more stories like Lucy’s in which you can see how strong a person you have to be to have gone through the struggles she had.

buy custom American Culture during the 1820 and 1830s essay

buy custom American Culture during the 1820 and 1830s essay In the 1820s and the 1830s, America faced the era of democracy and era of eradicating slavery. During this period, America experienced the niche of democracy and there it involved national politics. In terms of democracy, the most prominent thing that was being addressed was the issue of slavery and the way it could be abolished from the system (Holt, 1983). Artists like Harriet Beecher Stowe advocated for a non-slavery culture; she wrote about the accounts of abolitionists and slavery in her book Uncle Toms cabin. This brought about the abolitionist transformation. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison started publishing The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper dedicated to equality for all Americans including the African Americans (CliffsNotes). There was radical abolition movement that was meant to eradicate slavery. Many historians were included in this era that included Robert Abzug, Richard Blackett, Aileen Kraditor among others. These fellows brought about the changing culture of America accepting African Americans as equal, and tried to eradicate slavery (Green, 2009). In this time, there also emerged a movement called Young American Movement, which was led by Stephen Douglas. The movement was meant to embrace and enhance commerce, technology, and internationalism. Through the combination of these two facts, the America became a great success. This culture brought about the Lincoln- Douglas debates. Lincoln said that the US could not be divided more to success as a half slave and half-free state (Johannsen, 1965). This would not bring up the economic success that the country needed. In this era, the need for democracy emerged, an activity termed as American Renaissance came to existence. It involved usage of newspapers, magazines, and communication articles to portray democracy. This was tested by poets like Whitman and Emily Dickinson; they used unrhymed and off rhyme verses to portray their messages. Most of the themes that they put on their articles were for slave liberation and economic enhancements. Buy custom American Culture during the 1820 and 1830s essay

Conflicting Viewpoints in ACT Science Strategies and Tips

Conflicting Viewpoints in ACT Science Strategies and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Think of the Conflicting Viewpoints Passages as a debate: two or more parties state their conflicting beliefs.Sometimes they agree on one point but disagree on others.Conflicting Viewpoints Passages present this argument and expect you to identify the Scientists’/Students’ beliefs and the similarities and/or differences in beliefs. There will only be 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage on the ACT Science section (out of 7 total passages). It can appear at any point throughout ACT Science. To read about the other types of passages, check out our article on the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages. In this article, I will: Break down the format of the Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Address the two types of questions you will be asked in Conflicting Viewpoints Passages and provide ACT Science practice questions for each type: Understanding Viewpoints Questions Comparing Viewpoints Questions Discuss the ACT Science strategies for attacking these passages Format of Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Overview of the format of Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Introduction Visual (if there is one) Scientist 1 / Student 1 Scientist 2 / Student 2 If there are more than 2 Scientists / Students, their paragraphs follow in sequentialorder. 7 Questions I will delve into more information on each part below: Introduction The introduction will vary in length from a short paragraph to a long list. This is what a short introduction might look like: taken from an ACT Science practice test This is what a long introduction might look like: taken from an ACT Science practice test No matter the length, the introduction to the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage is always important. Do not ignore the introduction or forget about it as there is usually one question that you cannot answer without reading it. Visual There may not be a visual in your Conflicting Viewpoints passage; only about half of theConflicting Viewpoints Passages have a visual.The visual will not be a graph or table, but rather just an image/diagram of what is being discussed such as this one: taken from an ACT Science practice test The visual is not usually necessary to answer any questions, but rather it is just there to help you imagine what is being discussed. For example, thevisual above provides no data; it simply shows the location of the nucleus, chromosomes, and cytoplasm in the cell. The majority of the questions will instead ask about: Scientist 1 / 2 / 3 or Student 1 / 2 / 3 This is the meat of the passage.This is where the points of view of each scientist/student are fleshed out.Pay close attention as you read.The bulk of the questions ask you about this part.Also, do not get thrown off if they disguise points of view as different theories such as in this Conflicting Viewpoints Passage: Make sure you identify the similarities and differences of each person or theory. If you are having trouble identifying the point of view, I recommend looking at the first and last sentence of each person's mini-passage. Usually, the main idea is spelled out there. In the example above, the first sentences of Protein Hypothesis and DNA Hypothesis state the point of view. Understanding the points of view fully will serve you best when you start attempting questions: Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Have 7 Questions There are always 7 questions, no more, no less.There are two types of ACT Science questions used with Conflicting Viewpoints Passages that I will delve into next: Understanding Viewpoints Questions Comparing Viewpoints Questions Now that we have an overview of what this type of passage entails, we'll dig into the two types of questions that come along with this passage: Understanding Viewpoints Questions: What They Are and How to Answer Them As I said above, the Scientist 1 / 2 portion will present each Scientist's point of view with the supporting points. These questions check to make sure you really understand each author's/theory’s point of view. Here are some example Understanding Viewpoints questions: What would Student 2 predict to happen? Scientist 1 would most likely agree with: Which statement most agrees with the DNA Hypothesis? A.Genes are mostly proteins B. DNA is found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm C. Protein is found only in the cell's nucleus D.DNA is found only in the cell's nucleus Let's attempt some ACT Science practicequestions using the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage above, keeping in mind the: Rules for Answering These Questions: ACT Science Tip #1 - Make sure you are considering the right point of view.If it asks about Scientist 1, make sure you are looking at Scientist 1’s paragraph.The ACT will always have an answer choice with Scientist 2’s point of view, hoping that someone will fall for that incorrect answer. In the last question above, you are asked about DNA Hypothesis, so make sure you are looking at DNA Hypothesis, not Protein Hypothesis. If you accidentally looked at Protein Hypothesis instead, you would have incorrectly chosen answer A. ACT Science Tip #2 - Some questions require logic as well as understanding the point of view such as the last question above: Which of the following would support the DNA Hypothesis? A. Genes are mostly proteinsB. DNA is found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasmC. Protein is found only in the cell's nucleusD. DNA is found only in the cell's nucleus You need to understand the DNA Hypothesis so that you are able to figure out which of the answer choices would support it. On these "which of the following..." questions, process of elimination is your best weapon. Eliminate the answer choices that only support Protein Hypothesis and that do not support DNA Hypothesis. Ideally, after all of your eliminating, you will be left with oneanswer choice. Double check that the answer choice does indeed support DNA Hypothesis. For the question above, we can eliminate answer choice A because it supports Protein Hypothesis. We can eliminate answer choices B and C because it directly contradicts what is stated in the DNA Hypothesis. In the DNA Hypothesis, it says that DNA is found exclusively in the cell's nucleus, so D is the correct answer. ACT Science Tip #3 -Some questions are as easy as repeating a fact.Some questions will ask you to just relay facts you read in the passage such as: According to Protein Hypothesis, genes are made only of: This question just requires you to go back and look at the Protein Hypothesis paragraph. The Protein Hypothesis paragraph says that genes are made only of proteins, so that is the answer.Again, make sure you are looking at the right section.These questions are easy, but it is also easy to make a careless mistake on these questions. ACT Science Tip #4 -Ignore the validity of the viewpoint. Sometimes one viewpoint will be factually false, and you will know it from your previous science studies.Ignore it!You still need to understand the viewpoint and be able to answer questions about it. If a viewpoint said that the Earth is the center of the Solar System and you were asked what best supported this viewpoint, you would need to pick an answer choice that supported it such as â€Å"respected philosopher Aristotle taught this model.† Even though you know the viewpoint is false, you need to be able to articulate the point of view and its supporting arguments. ACT Science Tip #5 -Your understanding needs to go beyond talking about each point of view distinct from one another,which leads us to the other type of question: Comparing Viewpoints Questions: What They Are and How to Answer Them These questions ask you to point out the similarities and differences between the authors. Here are some example ComparingViewpoints questions: Student 1 and 2 both agree that: Which of the following would support student 1, but not student 2? DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis both agree that: A.DNA is less abundant than proteins B. DNA is found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm C. Protein is found only in the cell's nucleus D.Genes are made up only of DNA Let's attempt some Comparing Viewpoints ACT Science practicequestions from the same passage keeping in mind the same rules as before: ACT Science Tip #1: Make sure you're considering the correct point of view and answering the correct question.This is especially important on the Conflicting Viewpoints questions that ask, "Which of the following would support Student 1, but not Student 2?" You should circle and/or underline the Student you are looking to support, in this case, Student 1. Put an X through the Student you are not looking to support. Such as I have done below: This step helps you concentrate on the correct point of view. For these fact-finding questions, make sure you're reading the correct section for both viewpoints. ACT Science Tip #3: Some questions simply ask you to restate the information stated in both viewpoints.Let's attack this fact-finding Conflicting Viewpoints question from the passage above: DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis both agree that: A.DNA is less abundant than proteins B. DNA is found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm C. Protein is found only in the cell's nucleus D.Genes are made up only of DNA Consider first, what is the question asking us? The question asks us to find the statement that both DNA and Protein Hypothesis would agree with. To do this, you need to use process of elimination. Start by looking at A and work your way through the answer choices. Answer choice A is directly stated in DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis mentions that protein makes up over 50% of the cell, so A seems like a good choice. However, I will check the others just in case. Answer choice B directly conflicts with DNA Hypothesis, which said DNA is only found in the nucleus. Answer choice C conflicts with DNA Hypothesis, which said that proteins are found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Answer choice D conflicts with Protein Hypothesis because Protein Hypothesis argued that genes are made up only of proteins. So, Answer A is the correct answer. ACT Science Tip #2: As with understanding viewpoints questions, some conflicting viewpoints questions require deeper logic. For these questions, understand the points of view, and then use reasoning to find the answer.For example, if you were asked, Which of the following would support ProteinHypothesis, DNA Hypothesis? A. Genes are mostly proteinsB.DNA is less abundant than proteinsC. Protein is found only in the cell's nucleusD. DNA is found only in the cell's nucleus Start by circling and/or underlining and/or crossing out as we did above: Again, use process of elimination.If it supports both Protein Hypothesisand DNA Hypothesis, it is wrong.If it supports DNA Hypothesisand not Protein Hypothesis, it is wrong.Make sure you are looking at the correct section. Start with answer choice A and work your way through the questions, checking each one against what is stated in the viewpoints. Answer choice A is directly stated in Protein Hypothesis and directly conflicts DNA Hypothesis, so it should be the correct answer. However, I will check the others. Answer choice Bis in both Protein Hypothesis and DNA Hypothesis, which states, "DNA is less abundant than proteins," so B is incorrect. Answer choice C is not stated in Protein Hypothesis, and therefore, C does not support it. Answer choice D is directly stated in DNA Hypothesis, so it is incorrect. So, A is the correct answer. Strategy for Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Now that we have a full understanding of what these passages are like, what questions characterize this passage, and how to solve those questions, let's discuss the overall approach to integrating this all together. If you find yourself running out of time, you may find this approach especially helpful. First off, Conflicting Viewpoints Passages will take you the longest because as I discussed above, you need to have a full understanding of the passage to answer the Understanding Viewpoints and Comparing Viewpoints questions.So save it for the very end - finish the other 6 passages before attempting this one or it will slow you down. When attempting Conflicting Viewpoints Passages, read the whole passage first before looking at the questions. I discuss this more in depth in my article on time management. Since you need to read the introduction and all viewpoints to answer the questions, it makes the most sense to read the whole passage at the start. If you find yourself struggling to remember who believed what, write yourself mini-summaries in the margins after reading each viewpoint such as â€Å"pro-comet theory.†Check out this example: It will save you time, so you don’t have to re-read when answering questions. By doing this, you are also ensuring you understand the viewpoint, which is crucial to answering questions. When you start answering the questions, consider which viewpoint(s) you are asked about such as in this ACT Science practice question from the above passage: Which of the following phrases best describes the major point of difference between the 2 scientists’ hypotheses? A.The location of the eventB.The speed the object was travelingC.The density of Earth's atmosphereD.The type of object that entered Earth's atmosphere In this Comparing Viewpoints problem, you are asked to define the major difference between Scientist 1 and 2. Well, according to our awesome notes, Scientist 1 thought the object was a comet, and Scientist 2 thought the object was an asteroid. While there may be other minor differences, this is the major difference in point of view, so the answer is D. You could use process of elimination on this question, but it would have taken longer than simply matching your summary to the best answer choice. Now that we have learned the format, questions, and strategies behind the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage, I will summarizethe steps we tookwhen attacking Conflicting Viewpoints Passage and the common problems to avoid: Steps to take when attempting Conflicting Viewpoints Passages: Read the entire passage firstincluding theintroduction. Write briefnotes in the margins to remember each viewpoint's main argument. When answering questions, start by asking yourself which viewpoint does this question address? Use your notes to help answer questions. Use process of elimination to answer questions by eliminating answer choices that address the wrong viewpoint. Common problems you should avoid when answering the questions: Reading the wrong viewpoint(s). Getting caught up in the validity of the viewpoint. Recap Conflicting Viewpoints Passages always have the same format: Introduction Visual (if there is one) Scientist 1 / Student 1 Scientist 2 / Student 2 If there are more than 2 Scientists / Students, their paragraphs follow in chronological order. 7 Questions There are 2 types of questions: Understanding Viewpoints Questions Comparing Viewpoints Questions For both types, Make sure you're considering the correct point of view and answering the right question. For fact-finding questions, make sure you're reading the right section for both viewpoints. For deeper logic questions, understand the points of view, then use reasoning to find the answer. Ignore the validity of crazy viewpoints. Strategy Save this passage for last. Read the whole passage first. Write yourself short margin notes to remember each viewpoint. Answer the questions using these notes and process of elimination. What’s Next? I hope you feel ready to rock the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage! For further learning on the ACT Science Section, read about the other 2 types of passages in our article, The 3 Types of ACT Science Passages.Learn about Time Management and Section Strategy for ACT Science.Also, learn about Time Management for the ACT Reading section and for the ACT Math section. Like this article? Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Sciencelesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Jerusalem Israel Essays - Neighbourhoods Of Jerusalem, Quarters

Jerusalem Israel Essays - Neighbourhoods Of Jerusalem, Quarters Jerusalem Israel Jerusalem Jerusalem is located in the heart of Israel and is divided into three sections: the Old City, New City (West Jerusalem), and East Jerusalem. In the center is the Old City which is split up into four main sections: Muslim Quarter, Jewish Quarter, Christian Quarter, and the Armenian Quarter. Also, the Old City is the site of many religious and historical landmarks. Within Jewish Quarters, the main attraction is the Western (Wailing) Wall Wall). It's dubbed the Wailing Wall because many Jews come to pray there, and their prayers sound like wailing. The Wall is the small remaining part of King Solomon's Temple. After the Jews were banished from Temple Mount, the Western Wall became the most sacred place of Judaism. There are two major sects of Jews in this part of the city. There is the Sephardic group, who come from Spain, Africa, and the Mediterranean, and there is the Ashkenazic group, who come from Northern Europe. Another section of the Old City is the Christian Quarter. The center of this part of the city is The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It is believed that the Via Dolorosa, a street, was the site of the original Stations of the Cross. Furthermore, it is maintained that Jesus was originally buried at this site. The Church was rebuilt by Crusaders in 1099 CE, but it was originally built in the fourth century. The St. James Cathedral is the center of attention in the Armenian part. Many families who escaped the Armenian Holocaust in 1915 settled in the Old City. Many of the residents of this part of the Armenian Quarter practice the Greek Orthodox religion. The last section of the city is the Muslim Section. Atop the Temple Mount are the gold-domed Dome of the Rock (661 BCE) and the silver-domed al-Aqsa mosques. The Rock referred to in Dome of the Rock is Mt.Zion. This is where Abram went to sacrifice Isaac and Muhammed ascended to heaven.

Racial Problems Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racial Problems Critique - Essay Example Different groups of people, from different races all over the world, have found their way into America in different ways. Shortly after its discovery, many Europeans, faced with the need to find a better life elsewhere after the famous European revolutions, migrated to America. They claimed large amounts of land, embarked on large scale farming and helped fuel the agrarian revolution that led to another revolution called industrial revolutions. In subsequent years, when the need for human labor to labor the large American plantation emerged, Africans were brought to America to fulfill this need. Later years saw the bringing of Chinese, Indians, Spanish and other groups into America. Later immigrations have been fueled by opportunities for better life assumed to be in America. It is thus the country with the highest numbers of racial groups in the world but for a long time in the history of America, there have been problems with harmonious racial coexistences. Resultant problems have not only been witnessed at personal levels but also in status quo and political levels. Until recently, after election of president Obama, there were widespread notions that black Americans were very lowly regarded in the American society, however this is not exactly the case. Over the years, racial segregation has reduced in the American setting, and it has no profound effect in the American setting and political environment. This is because, America being a strong democracy, issues to do with race continue to be wiped out every year, and with time, this will be a thing of the past.In order to understand whether racial segregation is a great problem, it is important to understand the historical background of racism in the early 20th century. Racial problems in the twentieth century Issues of racial discrimination at personal level From his letter from Birmingham jail, Luther claims that there are numerous injustices committed on the black community by white moderate who instill on following order and not justice. He claims that there are various instances where black community has undergone oppressive behavior from the white majority. His justification of engaging in creation of tension as direct engagement of provocation of dialogue is aimed at highlighting the need for immediate engagement of it, hence a mirror of the amount of racial problems in America at personal levels. In support of the same, Belgrave and Allison (15) argue that after taking psychological test differences between blacks and whites, insurgences on injustices went higher. Their report claims that there was proposition of developing a less abstract type of education for blacks since they were considered mentally weak. But criticism for the tests indicated that such injustices included formulation of test questions only relevant and familiar to whites, hence favoring the whites over blacks. Secondly, the text continues to indicate that racial problems were greatly profound in America durin g the 20th century at personal levels. Luther explains that black children were not allowed to attend the same amusement parts as white,

Interpersonal Communication Speech or Presentation

Interpersonal Communication - Speech or Presentation Example Interpersonal communication includes sending and receiving messages between two or more individuals. This form of communication involves all aspects of communication such as listening, asserting, persuading and non-verbal communication among others. In addition, the individuals communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on the individuals they are communicating with (DeVito 5). This asserts that the interpersonal communication skills involved when an individual is communicating with a family member is different when the same individual is communicating with a friend. In successful interpersonal communication, the senders and recipients of messages are supposed to understand the messages, their meanings and implications. In addition, interpersonal thinking plays a crucial role in establishing concentration and certain problem solving skills (DeVito 8). Interpersonal communication is regarded as the most private form of communication. Some of the examples of interpersonal communication include day dreams, talking to oneself and comprehending a book article. In fact, this information occurs in an informal setting. The observer can also use cues of posture, dressing or even facial expressions to make an impression on the role of the other individual. This is because individuals have the ability to send and receive messages in a non-verbal form. In the movie â€Å"You’ve Got Mail†, Meg Ryan fell in love with Tom Hanks through the internet. This was after a series of disclosures that were made using the email. In this case, the two characters forge a relationship just like individuals who are having a face to face interaction. These characters got attracted to each other and eventually fell in love. These individuals were attracted to daily conversations in the cyberspace. However, the email is continually becoming the playground, birthplace and graveyard for several personal relationships (DeVito 9). There are several elements of interpers onal communication. These elements include the communicators, the message, feedback, noise, communication channel and the context. Based on the movie, the two-way communication process between Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks was an interactive process. They used the email as a channel to convey their messages. The context of the message entails the love affair between the two individuals. In this case, there are several forms of noise including the use of complicated jargon, inattention, disinterest, errors, cultural differences and inappropriate body language (DeVito 12). As stated in the communication theory, noise has a highly significant role in interpersonal communication. The interpersonal communication in the movie is a two-way communication which involves two parties. In this two-way communication, the sender of the message is receptive to feedback. The one-way communication is difficult and time-consuming. Furthermore, in the movie â€Å"You’ve Got Mail†, they use the egalitarian style which involves sharing of information other than directing behavior. The egalitarian style is employed in order to stimulate the opinions and ideas of other individuals to arrive at a mutual understanding. From an interpersonal communication perspective, the trends in the face to face communication are considered as the most crucial ingredient in the development of interpersonal relationships (DeVito 18). Development in the communicat

Ansel Adams Photographs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ansel Adams Photographs - Research Paper Example Fine arts, therefore, were visual in nature and dealt primarily with aesthetic value while applied arts mainly focused on the purpose of such arts and how they could be used in day to day operations. More and more description of art continues to manifest with the most recent one defining it as a reflection of human creativity. At the beginning of the 20th century, the significance of different forms of art had been classifies in to nine categories. These include; film, comedy, painting, architecture, dance, sculpture, music, poetry and lastly photography. Another variation that had been developed included the establishment of design and graphic arts in place of plastic and visual arts as well as the introduction of other terminologies advertising, television, video, performance, and etcetera. We shall be placing more emphasis on the visual forms of art and more specifically the works of photography done by one Ansel Adams. His black and white classical photographs created a revolutio n in the field of photography. The paper will discuss the various elements of art used in his photographs as well as the meanings they convey. Clear definition of the artistic nature of photography will come out in this research. Background Information Born and raised in a wealthy family in 1902, San Francisco, Ansel Adams was a typical teenage boy. His shy and introvert nature coupled with an attack by a hyperactive disorder forced him to undertake most of his learning at home. It was during his home learning lessons that he stumbled upon a book by James Mason that transformed his life altogether. The book fueled his love for nature and soon they relocated to Yosemite National Park where he managed to coin his skills in photography. Using his camera donated to him by his parents, he managed to capture breath taking pictures of the landscape in the park. It is these photographs that marked the beginning of an incredible lifetime artistic productivity. His first debut published photo graph appeared at the Sierra Club bulletin where he worked as a caretaker at the time. Later on in 1927, he received an award for his critically acclaimed image of a landmark in Yosemite known as the ‘Monolith, the Face of Half Dome’1. He claims that he had visually pictured the result of the photograph before he even clicked away his camera. In his own words, he stated that the image had a distant sharp peak against the backdrop of a dark sky with deep shadows and a brooding form. It is these elements that became the foundation of all forms of visual art. He later on married his longtime girlfriend and musician, Virginia Best, with whom they bore two children, Michael and Anne. Both siblings also got involved the photography and later on took charge of the family business after the passing away of Adams and renamed it the Ansel Adams gallery. Other exemplary works of photography done by Adams include; photographs of skiing and ice skating as well as sledging, which was used by the government to promote winter tourism. Addition, he also took extensive photographs of the inventory of the structure of the historic Ahwahnee Hotel before it got transformed into a hospital by the U.S. Navy. Photographs of Kings and Kern Rivers used by congress to deliberate for the creation Kings Canyon National Park had been captured by his powerful lens2. Additionally, he managed to document a Japanese American internment camp, popularly known as Manzanar, through the use of photographs. His ability to visualize the outcome of

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Construction Economics - Assignment Example The economic policy of a government is generally reflected in its national budget (Jenkins 1978). Partly, it is through the budget that the government exercises its three principal methods of establishing control: the stabilization function, the allocative function and the distributive function. In some cases, economic policies are usually influenced by international institutions such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund as well as policies of political parties and their beliefs. The business environment within which most housing and construction companies operate has continued to change rapidly throughout the world. Construction companies that fail to adapt or respond to these changes have problems in their survival. Therefore, contractors must be capable of improving their performances continuously in order to out smart their competitors. In nature, the construction company is complex because it consists of a large number of parties as contractors, stakeholders, clients, consultants and regulators. However, despite its complexity, it plays a great role in the achievement and development of the goals of a society. Economic growth refers to the rise of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or other measures of total income. It is usually represented in annual basis as the rate of change in real GDP. The economic growth of a country depends on the ability of that country to improve its productivity, that is, its ability to produce more goods and services using similar inputs of labor, materials, energy and capital. According to most economists, there are two types of economic growths: the long-term economic growth and short-term economic stabilization. However, economic growth is usually concerned with the long-term type. The short-term type is rather deemed as the business cycle. The leading indicator of the state of economy in a given country is the housing and

Destination Singapore scenario Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Destination Singapore scenario - Assignment Example Tourism is a labour intensive industry and expansions in this business will create immense potential for employment in the host country. Though Singapore is small in size, the country has been a hot favourite for tourists and shoppers from across the globe since a long time. The country currently ranks as the third richest nation in the world and though it does not have much in terms of natural resources, due to tourism and other businesses, Singapore has been able to fare quite well in the economic front in the past. However, in order to make the best use of the future prospects, the country has to harness its resources and align its capabilities for improvement and innovation in the travel and tourism industries so that it can sustain the steady economic growth. This paper develops a fictional tourism strategic policy for Singapore on the premise of a situation where the three nearby airports of Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Bali are closed down due to natural disasters, which makes th e country the only gateway to other South East Asian countries. It will dwell on various policies that need to be implemented so that the country can optimise its potential as a tourist destination, to cater to the extra demand, over the next five years, in a sustainable manner. Innovations in Singapore Tourism: Strategic Policies and Planning Framework Introduction: Singapore is one of the top ranking economies in Asia Pacific region, with sophisticated infrastructures both in ground and air transport, which rank respectively â€Å"2nd and 14th† as well as a high quality human resources that ranks â€Å"2nd† in the region (Blanke & Chiesa, 2013, p.xxi). In addition, the country ranks as first among all economies for its â€Å"policy environment† that is most supportive with its rules and regulations encouraging travel and tourism industries (p.xxi). Data relating to visiting tourists shows a rising trend with â€Å"11.6 million in 2010 and 13.2 million in 2011 † with revenue earnings of â€Å"S$ 18.9 billion in 2010† and â€Å"$ 22.4 billion† in 2011 (Annual Report of Tourism Statistics, 2012, p.1). Therefore, it transpires that despite the economic down trend across the world, tourism industry in Singapore has been growing in a fast paced manner. The hotel industry in the country also has remained in a strong position over the years with the rates of occupancy up to â€Å"85%† in 2010 and â€Å"86%† in 2011 (Table-34, p.77). Currently, the country has a total of â€Å"154† gazetted hotels with â€Å"40,759† rooms available for letting out (p.83). The land transport system here comprises road and rail services with Express Ways of 161 km, Arterial Roads of 645 km, Collector Roads of 557 km and Local Access Roads of 2,048 km (Singapore Land Transport Statistics as at End of 2011, p.58). In addition, they have Rapid Transit Systems (RTS) with MRT of 146.5 and LRT of 28.8 km, with 97 MRT statio ns and 34 LRT stations, catering to a resident population of 5,184,000 and 13,171,000 visitors (p.58). Air traffic system in the country has accounted for the arrival of â€Å"150,827† aircrafts during the year 2011, carrying 22,778,000 passengers while sea transport has registered the arrival of â€Å"127,998† vessels in 2011 (Year Book of Statistics Singapore, 2012, p.181). This study envisages the development of a new tourism strategic policy and planning framework for Singapore to cater to an extra demand arising from a

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Construction Economics - Assignment Example The economic policy of a government is generally reflected in its national budget (Jenkins 1978). Partly, it is through the budget that the government exercises its three principal methods of establishing control: the stabilization function, the allocative function and the distributive function. In some cases, economic policies are usually influenced by international institutions such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund as well as policies of political parties and their beliefs. The business environment within which most housing and construction companies operate has continued to change rapidly throughout the world. Construction companies that fail to adapt or respond to these changes have problems in their survival. Therefore, contractors must be capable of improving their performances continuously in order to out smart their competitors. In nature, the construction company is complex because it consists of a large number of parties as contractors, stakeholders, clients, consultants and regulators. However, despite its complexity, it plays a great role in the achievement and development of the goals of a society. Economic growth refers to the rise of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or other measures of total income. It is usually represented in annual basis as the rate of change in real GDP. The economic growth of a country depends on the ability of that country to improve its productivity, that is, its ability to produce more goods and services using similar inputs of labor, materials, energy and capital. According to most economists, there are two types of economic growths: the long-term economic growth and short-term economic stabilization. However, economic growth is usually concerned with the long-term type. The short-term type is rather deemed as the business cycle. The leading indicator of the state of economy in a given country is the housing and

Pain Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pain Management - Term Paper Example It is not acceptable for patients to be left to experience pain without proper management from medical staff in a health facility (Hall-Lord & Larsson, 2006). It is also unacceptable for nurses to lack knowledge and skills to help patients manage their painful situations. It is a professional duty for nurses to be accountable to patients with regard to pain management. There have been calls in the nursing field to include pain management as a compulsory component of pre-nursing training programs so as to ensure all nurses are fully equipped with necessary skills that will enable them to manage their patient’s painful situations. This, if implemented will result in patients receiving high standards of pain assessment and management. It will also help reduce instances of unnecessary suffering from patients. Pain assessment is the first step in pain management and treatment. The main objectives of a successful pain assessment process should be aimed at reducing the pain that the patient is experiencing, increasing the patient’s comfort, improving the patient’s physical, physiological and psychological function as well as ensuring the patient is satisfied with the pain management process. It is not easy to measure and assess pain. Nurses have to be aware of various factors that can influence how the patient feels and how he or she expresses pain. Pain assessment and measurement involves a lot of issues that have to be approached with a lot of attention. Pain assessment involves the following steps.... There have been calls in the nursing field to include pain management as a compulsory component of pre-nursing training programs so as to ensure all nurses are fully equipped with necessary skills that will enable them manage their patient’s painful situations. This, if implemented will result in patients receiving high standards of pain assessment and management. It will also help reduce instances of unnecessary suffering from patients (Hall-Lord & Larsson, 2006) Pain assessment is the first step in pain management and treatment. The main objectives of a successful pain assessment process should be aimed at reducing the pain that the patient is experiencing, increasing the patient’s comfort, improving the patient’s physical, physiological and psychological function as well as ensuring the patient is satisfied with the pain management process. It is not easy to measure and asses pain (Hall-Lord & Larsson, 2006). Nurses have to be aware of various factors that can influence how the patient feels and how he or she expresses pain. Pain assessment and measurement involves a lot of issues that have to be approached with a lot of attention. Pain assessment involves the following steps; Overall appraisal of all the factors that could influence the patient’s expression of pain Comprehensively describing pain and the effect it has on body functions of the patients Determining the barriers that may affect the nurse’s ability to asses and manage the patient’s pain, such factors include; The nurse’s lack of adequate knowledge, skills and attitudes that are needed in order to effectively manage pain Poor documentation of the patient’s pain, its assessment, management as well as pain re-evaluation The age of the patient,

How did WWII change America and the World Essay Example for Free

How did WWII change America and the World Essay The World War II remains the bloodiest and deadliest crisis in world history. It involved the best ever battle lines, enormous armed forces, along with the most destructive weapons in the history of the world (Martel 245). The worldwide disagreement that was regarded as or labelled World War II emanated from the 1930s great depression, a turmoil that undermined, destabilized and weakened economies, governments’ and nations around the world. For instance, in Germany, the rise of Hitler occurred partially because he alleged to be capable of transforming a destabilized Germany by then to an autonomous economic and military power that could control its destiny not only in Europe, but in the entire world as well (Martel 240). This paper therefore explores how this global conflict (WWII) changed America and the entire world. For the US, World War II constituted the most significant fiscal event of the 20th century (Higgs 53). The war’s consequences on the United States were diverse and far-reaching. It indomitably ended the great depression, and the US federal government came out from the war as a possible economic actor, capable of regulating fiscal activity and to partly control the world economy via spending and consumption. What’s more, the wartime economic explosion spurred and promoted a number of social trends. First was the job creation that paralleled the growth of industrial production, in so doing, attained what Roosevelt’s New Deal programs had been incapable to achieve (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 86). According to Higgs (58), in 1940, there were more than eight million unemployed Americans. However, by 1941, unemployment became a thing of the past. There were in fact labour shortages in numerous industries. Consequently, federal inspectors did ignore laws deterring employment of women and children (Martel 250). With little or no public outcry, several high school dropouts escalated substantially. Also, several women were absorbed in the workforce to assist make implements and munitions of war. These women were later nicknamed ‘Rosie the Riveter’ and were pivotal part of the US success in war (Martel 251). Additionally, the WWII revitalized American industries, and a lot of sectors were by the end of the war (1945) either brusquely oriented to defence production (for instance, electronics and aerospace) or entirely dependent on atomic energy (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 82). The organised labour unions were as well strengthened far beyond the depression period and became a key counter-balance to both private and government industry. Given the fact that novel employment took place in unionized workplaces, plus industries funded by the American government, the continuance of membership decision during World War II was a magnificent advantage for organized labour (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 84). As a result, organized labour increased from ten million in 1941 to approximately fifteen million by 1945. Also, about thirty six percent of the work-force in non-agricultural sector was unionized, recording the highest percentage ever in American history. Similarly, the war’s speedy technological and scientific changes continued and deepened trends commenced during the great depression and shaped lasting anticipation of continued novelty on the part of several engineers, citizens and government officials. Besides, the significant increases in individual income as well as quality of life throughout the war resulted in a number of Americans foreseeing permanent improvements to their material needs (Rindfuss, Morgan Swicegood 85). That said, the World War II brought to an end the godless Nazi regime plus their murder machine. It as well wrecked Japan’s control over Pacific, thereby ushering in the atomic age (Martel 255). Europe that had been under authoritarian Nazi boot became under the Communist boot. Besides, the war led to medicine improvements in the world, particularly in the use of antibiotics. New-fangled forms of occupational and physical therapy to assist returning veterans and wounded soldiers were as well invented and used. What’s more, the work of individuals, such as von Braun in the Second World War greatly transformed world technology, especially rocket technology, which became a major focus during Cold War (Neufeld 164). The dramatic transformations in military technology resulted in changes to operational and tactical skills. Stanovov (1) asserted that all contemporary warfare grew from the concepts which first came from 1939-1945. The actions of pooled units, close relations of dissimilar armed services, the greatly escalated significance of radio-electronic warfare, strategic bombings, psychological and mass information warfare, to mention just some factors. The World War II became in fact total in psychological, technical and informational senses, radically transforming the prerequisites to logistical support. Moreover, it spectacularly changed the balance between small and large economies in the world platform. Whilst previously the disparity between the armed forces of a small and large country was largely quantitative, with WW2 it became qualitative, as a few nations in the world could manage to create fully-fledged nuclear-era armed forces (Stanovov 1). Finally, every great conflict, especially concerning great allies and axis, brings something unique to the art of warfare. But Second World War was outstanding in that respect. The changes in the hardware, equipment, structure and the way military forces were utilized were unique both in their significance and scope. Even WWI that first witnessed major use of war tanks, submarines and planes had never brought to fore such massive change to the world.

Evolution Of The Contemporary World System Politics Essay

Evolution Of The Contemporary World System Politics Essay Together, all international actors and their interactions with one another form an international system (Papp, 2002). Ironically, international system itself is also a very important body that greatly influences the behaviors and interactions of its creators, especially the states. There is no single global system that dominates the history of mankind. This system always evolves as the realm of power shifts together with the changing in the way that power is demonstrated. Remarkably, the 20th and the early 21st centuries have been a very dynamic period when there were frequent fundamental changes in world politics and international system. The beginning of the 20th century, when states were still the solely crucial players, global affairs were under the Balance of Power System. This system came to an end together with the breakout of the World War I when the perception of balance of power was absent in the mind of state actors. Central power, namely German and Austria-Hungry, attacked the Allied countries consisting of France, Belgium, Serbia and others (Keylor, 2008). After the war, a new but short-lived system emerged, international collective security. Again this ineffective system ended in global conflict, the World War II (Papp, 2002). It was the failure of the League of Nations when Britain and France ignored the German invasion of Poland. Following the horrifying and destructive war, Bipolar System made its appearance in world politics. The new system in which two super powers competed and dominated the international arena. By this time the world has already experienced the terror of nuclear weapon as two bombs were tested and demonstrated in Japan to conclude the war. Some arguments believe that this weapon of mass destruction also did contribute significantly in preventing direct war between the U.S. and USSR, the war that could inevitably end the world as we know today. However, the effect of cold war between the two giants on smaller countries around the world still can be seen as bloody as the wars that came before it. Civil wars and proxy wars in Cambodia, Vietnam, Angola, Afghanistan, Korea peninsular and many other conflicts erupted with the two dominant ideologies acting behind the scene. This bipolar system was the main characteristic of the international affairs until the demise of Soviet Union at the end of 1991 that marked the official conclusion of bipolar world. From then, according to Charles Krauthammer, the United States is now the unchallenged power supported by its Western allies (Krauthammer, 2002). Therefore, the international system now becomes unipolar. Political an d economic powers are the two most important variables in determining the strength of one state. With nuclear warhead and other advanced military technology, naturally, the United States gained significant amount of political power in international arena. More importantly, the U.S. is the world largest single economy thanks to its annum GDP worth of over 10 trillion dollars , more than one-sixth of world GDP (World development indicators, 2010). However, this claim did not address a number of fundamental changes happened even before the bipolar system ended. From the second half of the 20th century, there have been many remarkably and extremely important trends in global politics as well as the international structure. The emergence of nonalignment movement creates the single and stronger voice for the weak and poor states to bargain with the rich and powerful states, especially in the UN General Assembly. It was seen as the North-South conflict. The rise of China, India, and Brazil in their economic and political power is questioning the dominant power and unilateralism of the U.S. in international affairs. For instance, the Chinese economic miracle from the 1970s has put the concrete role of China in global political arena again. China has been busy in advancing its military capability and inserting power and influence globally. The presence of Chinese investment in African sub-continent is the clear manifestation of Sino- expansion going global. From economic perspective, China is building up its economic empire, the process that requires a lot of resources from Africa; nevertheless, looking from political perspective, Africa holds about one-fourth of the UN General Assembly seats. Using power capital in Africa and other area, China can easily control the voting result at the UN. In addition, there are also other emergence of former powers as well such as Japan and Germany. Despite both countries still have limited military capacity in international arena, but as the third largest economy, Japan, and world biggest exporter, Germany, the two giant economic powers are also trying to increase their influences in world politics. As we can see that they have maintain the seat in the United Nation Security Council by using economic power such as bilateral aid. New international actors such as Intergovernmental Organizations like the UN and NATO, regional grouping, the EU and ASEAN, and other International Nongovernmental Organizations like the ILO are also increasing their role in changing the world stage. States cooperate through those INGOs. For instance, through ASEAN, the countries in Southeast Asia are trying to limit the influences of great powers in their region. Even though it has not become powerful enough to achieve all it goal and objective, it surely has change the way in which international relations operate especially for the U.S. when it deals with the countries in Southeast Asia. More importantly, the increasing power of Multinational Corporations and private power capital make the international affairs even more complex because those actors even have great influence in many domestic political affairs of many countries especially the developing countries, but their intention and goal are sole profit, which are so different from the state actor. Advancement of technology, communication, and transportation has helped the transnational social movement possible. From the woman rights groups to environmental advocators, they actively involve in world politics. All of these changes and new actors have made the international system even more complex and complicated with so many level and facets. Understanding this contemporary state of affairs is extremely important for all actors to achieve their survival, goal, and objective. It is even more extremely significant for an actor like a weak state since it is the most vulnerable and sensitive to the decisions made in global affairs and world politics. Cambodia was small and vulnerable country. During French colonial period, Cambodia was isolated from international politics for most of the time; however, at independence, this country faced its most critical challenge that was to survive and prosper in the arena of international political system. Unfortunately, the world politics at that time was not really a peaceful period especially for a newly independent country that has not established strong and stable political system not to mention other wide range of internal problems like economic underdevelopment, unemployment and poverty. Stuck in the middle of cold war between two super powers, the U.S. and USSR, Cambodia understood very clearly that it has no choice but to play its part in the political game of bipolar system. Cambodia started to develop good relation with U.S. and received a lot of aids for its economic development. It also tried not to confront directly with the increasing-power communism. However, things changed ra pidly when the Vietnam War started to spill over Cambodia. Prince Sihanouk cut off relations with the U.S. in 1965 in regard with U.S. bombing in the kingdom and the increase influence of American in Cambodia armed forces (Lum, 2007). This move has put Prince Sihanouk in critical position for the U.S. Despite relation was restored in 1969, the coup led by Lon Nol and backed by the U.S. put a new government in Phnom Penh (Sophat, 2010). This marked the point of deep internal breach between Cambodians who supported Lon Nols regime and those who love the former one. The 30-year civil war began. New government officially declared war against communist Vietnam to please the U.S. However, Lon Nol not only fought the North Vietnam but he also has to deal with Pol Pot, a rapidly increasing Cambodian guerrilla forces supported by communist Vietnam. Then in 1975, the Phnom Penh government collapsed and replaced by Khmer Rouge. Despite the killing in the country, this regime lasted until 1979 when the Vietnam launched full-scaled military attack against Pol Pots regime. After the regime was forced out of power, Cambodia was still struggling in civil war having three fractions backed by different foreign actors fighting along the north and western borders. Khmer Rouge supported by China, and the free Khmer groups gained the support from the U.S. Inside the country, new government has aligned itself with the East block, which was Soviet Union, and maintained a very close relation with Vietnam. The situation more or less remained hostile for another decade. The dark age of Cambodia on ly came into an end in 1993, the election led by the UN has helped unified the country again once again in a very long time. Khmer Rouge was still fighting, but without any support from outside powers, its role was not significant anymore. The history gives one invaluable lesson for Cambodia: to deal with foreign power carefully and be friend with all of them. Cambodia After the 1993 UN-backed election, as small and developing country, Cambodia turned around its foreign policy and welcomed the world for friendship, diplomatic relations, and cooperation. Cambodia has been perusing a very friendly foreign policy with its neighbors, other ASEAN states as well as world great and super powers. Close ties with the West were also soon established. In 1995 and 1995, the United States and Japan agreed to increase foreign aid and investment in Cambodia. Then in 1997, the military conflict between the two ruling political parties resulted in the prolonging of Cambodia admission into ASEAN and the termination of Western aid and investment. Cambodia again turned to Chinese both economic and political support. Having only China as friend is not the best option, Cambodia needed to make as many friends as possible including the West. So the new democratic election was organized in 1998 to please the Western states. The situation started to recover after the formation of coalition government in 1998. Relations with the West resumed. The European Union and Japan announced the reestablishment of economic link with the Kingdom again. In May 1999, finally, Cambodia was officially accepted as the latest member of ASEAN. This has opened way and opportunity for Cambodia to fully engage in regional economic and political conferences. The same year in June, there was a visit by Vietnamese Communist Party officials, and the two countries agreed to end border disputes. However, the tension between Cambodia and Thailand continued. Though the relation was still remain calm until an incident when rioters burned the Thai embassy and several Thai companies operating in Phnom Penh on 29th June, 2003 (Cambodia Foreign policy, 2003). Later the situation was controlled, and after the compensation was paid to Thailand side, the relations between the two countries were normalized. Until 2008, a new conflict erupted over the Preah Vihear Temple and border dispute. As a weaker and smaller country, Cambodia sought multilateral negotiation to settle the problem. Trying to send the case to the UN and ASEAN, the efforts were unsuccessful because Thailand is the close ally with the U.S., which is a member of the UN Security Council and holds veto power. Even worse, Thailand was in its term as the chairman of ASEAN. Cambodias relations with southern neighbor, Vietnam, have been complex but have gradually improved since the 1993 UN-sponsored election. Though, it is a very sensitive over the border issues between the tow countries. In late 2005 both sides ratified the Supplementary Treaty to the 1985 Treaty on the Delimitation of the State Border between Cambodia and Vietnam (Cambodia Foreign Relations, 2009). The planting of border markers began 2006 and are expected to be concluded by late 2008 On economic area, Cambodia experienced rapid growth of over a decade. Cambodia has liberalized its market. It welcomes foreign investment and promotes trade regionally and globally. In 2004, Cambodia also became the member of the WTO. Recognizing the importance of non-state actors, Cambodia also welcomes many of them in building the country. Cambodia is a member the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WTO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Civil society has growth rapidly inside the country like Trade Union. The presence of MNC like KFC and other companies is the manifestation of fast growing economy and cultural and social integration to the outside world. Comparing to the past, the current international system is surely better and much more peaceful for Cambodia. To some extent, Cambodia can make a lot of decisions that benefit itself. Almost half a century and before 20 years ago, Cambodia was stuck in the middle of the Cold War, much of its decision was determined by the condition of that time international system. The game played by great powers now seems much more peaceful for Cambodia. Even China, as cited by Chinese official, see that Cambodian enjoy peace process is the example of the benefits of increased cooperation between the US and China (Cambodia slammed in the latest Wikileak Cables, 2010). Being friend with the major powers is the hard lesson Cambodia learn from the past when the country was divided into many fragments fighting internally. Each fraction was supported by different external players. Not only state actor, Cambodia also sees a lot of opportunity with the non-state actors. While listening to the INGOs and NGOs and gaining aids and support form them, the country seems very sensitive to any critics raised by those actors. Cambodia also seems to be more focus on economic policy for the countries development as a whole. Enjoying the peace with the remarkable economic growth for the last decade or so, the future of the Kingdom looks very promising. However, the dynamic of international arena is very certain. The rise of China power in global politics as well in region, even without apparent concern, Cambodia surely comprehends. Despite Cambodia seems to be enjoying internal sovereignty, Cambodia external action is still very limited by the fact that it is a small size with little population, and the governments budget is still rely on external loan and aid. While internal political landscape is changing, what Cambodia can do for now may just try to strengthen its intern al capability and hope that the current situation will last a bit longer.

Gilgamesh is a Failure in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- essays resear

After reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh is not a hero, but a failure. His journey does not follow the traditional circular hero’s journey and he does not posses the traits that an admirable hero should have. The first part of the hero’s journey is the call to adventure. This is the voyage that the hero is asked to go on in order to accomplish greater good for human kind. This is the hero’s chance to help his or her community, family or friends by embarking on a long journey and challenging his, or herself. Gilgamesh does not go on a journey to help others, he goes to make himself look better. â€Å" I have not established my name stamped on bricks as my destiny decreed, therefore I will go to the country where the cedar is felled† (page 70). This passage shows that the only reason that Gilgamesh wants to go on a journey is for fame and popularity. The next two parts of the hero’s journey are the trials and the mentors. Gilgamesh’s journey has both of these components, however, he does not go through them as a hero should. In his trials, he ends up h... Gilgamesh is a Failure in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- essays resear After reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh is not a hero, but a failure. His journey does not follow the traditional circular hero’s journey and he does not posses the traits that an admirable hero should have. The first part of the hero’s journey is the call to adventure. This is the voyage that the hero is asked to go on in order to accomplish greater good for human kind. This is the hero’s chance to help his or her community, family or friends by embarking on a long journey and challenging his, or herself. Gilgamesh does not go on a journey to help others, he goes to make himself look better. â€Å" I have not established my name stamped on bricks as my destiny decreed, therefore I will go to the country where the cedar is felled† (page 70). This passage shows that the only reason that Gilgamesh wants to go on a journey is for fame and popularity. The next two parts of the hero’s journey are the trials and the mentors. Gilgamesh’s journey has both of these components, however, he does not go through them as a hero should. In his trials, he ends up h...

A View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller :: English Literature

A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE We have been studying 'A view from the Bridge' which has been written by Arthur Miller. This is the story of Eddie Carbone who is an Italian American who lives with his wife Beatrice and niece Catherine, When Beatrice's cousins Marco and Rodolpho, seek refuge as illegal immigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Catherine falls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddie's jealousy culminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Italian community. In this scene I will analyse how Eddie tries to complain to Marco about Rodolpho going out and coming home late at night with Catherine. Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is trying to make a move on his beloved niece Catherine. While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries to make a point to Marco about not letting Rodolpho to go out a lot, especially with Catherine. While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the record on the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asks Rodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards Eddie Rodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to go a head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, feeling Eddie's eyes on his back and they dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook. Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodolpho if they want to go and see a real fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie then insists Rodolpho to learn a boxing move from him. But then Eddie crosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up and Catherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets angry and then performs the chair lifting towards Eddie. We learn a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene they show a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they have to stay out of sight, the difference between legal and illegal immigrants, we also learn about Eddie's jealousy, Catherine and Rodolpho's relationship, Beatrice's support and Marco's chair lifting scene. Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is always supporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherine and Rodolpho's relationship as if he wanted to be the only man in Catherine's life and over protective for Catherine. Catherine is a kind, young and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind, caring and supportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is a family man, sensible and determined to earn a living in America and to earn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he is A View From the Bridge - Arthur Miller :: English Literature A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE We have been studying 'A view from the Bridge' which has been written by Arthur Miller. This is the story of Eddie Carbone who is an Italian American who lives with his wife Beatrice and niece Catherine, When Beatrice's cousins Marco and Rodolpho, seek refuge as illegal immigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to give them shelter. Catherine falls in love with Rodolpho, which creates trouble. Eddie's jealousy culminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Italian community. In this scene I will analyse how Eddie tries to complain to Marco about Rodolpho going out and coming home late at night with Catherine. Eddie is jealous and he thinks that Rodolpho is trying to make a move on his beloved niece Catherine. While Beatrice was trying to stand up for Catherine, Eddie tries to make a point to Marco about not letting Rodolpho to go out a lot, especially with Catherine. While Eddie is reading his paper, Catherine gets up, puts the record on the phonograph and asks Rodolpho to dance. As Catherine, asks Rodolpho to dance, Eddie freezes and with respect towards Eddie Rodolpho does not accept the dance. Beatrice persuades Rodolpho to go a head. Rodolpho rises stiffely, feeling Eddie's eyes on his back and they dance. Marco then tells everyone that, that Rodolpho can cook. Eddie gets surprised. Then Eddie asks Marco and Rodolpho if they want to go and see a real fight. Catherine goes to make coffee. Eddie then insists Rodolpho to learn a boxing move from him. But then Eddie crosses the limit by punching Rodolpho on the face. Marco gets up and Catherine rushes in to see what had happen. Marco gets angry and then performs the chair lifting towards Eddie. We learn a lot about the characters in this scene. In this scene they show a lot of tension. We learn a lot about Immigrants, how they have to stay out of sight, the difference between legal and illegal immigrants, we also learn about Eddie's jealousy, Catherine and Rodolpho's relationship, Beatrice's support and Marco's chair lifting scene. Eddie shows us that he is a family man about when he is always supporting the family by earning the money, selfish about Catherine and Rodolpho's relationship as if he wanted to be the only man in Catherine's life and over protective for Catherine. Catherine is a kind, young and modern girl of her generation. Beatrice is a kind, caring and supportive person towards Catherine and Eddie, Marco is a family man, sensible and determined to earn a living in America and to earn money for his family back in Sicily and as for Rodolpho, he is

Agriculture in Pakistan

In order to achieve full employment and raise its entire population above the poverty line by the year 2006-07, Pakistan needs to create additional employment for 100 million persons and raise the incomes of millions of under-employed persons. This report presents a program to achieve these goals utilizing the country's competitive advantage in labour-intensive agricultural crops and allied industries. Misfortunes can happen to some very good products. One of the major reasons for such mishappenings, is that industries and organizations fail to realize the importance of a well-planned process of new or existing product development.They do not acknowledge that â€Å" change is the only constant thing in this world† and as trends change it is important to change their products along with it too. The objectives of the program are to double agricultural production in ten years, achieve complete nutritional self-sufficiency for the country, and generate millions in exports of sugar , fruits, vegetables, silk and cotton textiles. The program will generate a minimum growth rate of more than 4% in the agricultural sector. New changes, are the lifeblood of companies.When firms do not change their level of production to meet the requirements of changing consumer desires, government regulations completion and a host of other factors: market share and profit usually decline. The life of a new industry often depends on how it conceives and produceses. INTRODUCTION Agriculture Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, and extensive natural gas reserves. About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world.Agriculture accounts for about 24% of GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Despite intensive farming p ractices, Pakistan remains a net food importer. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits, and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses, and consumer foods. The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%.Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5. 7% but has since declined to less than 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package. Role of agriculture in Pakistan.ARTICLE (September 20 2006): Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which for centuries has shaped the economic life, culture and the thought of the people. The importance of agriculture in the development of a country cannot be ignored. Growth of agriculture is very much essential for achieving self-reliance in major food items. Pakistan with a total land area of 79. 61 million hectares is termed as an agricultural country because agricultural sector is the single largest sector of the country which not only provides food to 140 million people but also provides employment to about 48 % of the workforce.Beside, it also provides raw material to the industry, contributes about 60% to export earnings, and provides the livelihood for 70% rural population. In short the agriculture sector can rightly be called the backbone of our economy, as it contributes around Rs800 billion, almost one-fourth to the total GDP i. e. contributing 25% of the GDP. However, the sector, which possesses the potential to be a lead sector in accelerating the economic growth and reducing poverty in Pakistan, has received less attention from successive governments in the past 57 years than other issues.According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, this year the agricultural growth target came down to 2. 6 percent from 4. 1 percent of the last year i. e. 2004-05. The Survey also attributed the slippage in agriculture to the weak performance of both the major and minor crops. However, the government hesitated to accept its poor attention towards this important sector of the economy. Although, the government announced a comprehensive package for the farmers in June this year, it failed to satisfy the majority of the farming community as they are expressing their dissatisfaction over the incentives announced.Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy. It contributes 24 percent of the GDP employs 48. 4 percent of country’s workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for sustenance. The average annual growth rate of agriculture during 1990s was 4. 5%. The highest growth rate of 11. 7 p ercent was achieved in 1995-96 mainly due to increase in cotton, gram, milk and meat production. The sector touched the lowest negative growth rate of 5. 3 percent in 1992-93 mainly due to decrease in cotton and sugarcane production.The major crops as wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane and maize account for 41% of value added and minor crops 10% in overall agriculture. Livestock has emerged as an important sub sector of agriculture. It accounts for 37. 5% of agriculture value added and about 9. 4% of the GDP. Similarly, fisheries play an important role in national income through export earnings. Agricultural Policy The agricultural sector is highly politicized because the majority of landowners have had considerable political influence. This has resulted in agricultural policy being steered towards supporting the production of majorcash crops such as sugarcane, and exempting almost all agricultural income from taxes. However, following recent discussions with the IMF and World Bank on r evenue collection in general, the present government is in the process of re-structuring the system to try and increase agricultural taxation. In addition, successive governments have extended considerable support to the sector by providing concessionary financing to farmers for the purchase of agricultural equipment (mainly tractors) and for building irrigation and drainage systems.Three year Strategy The Ministry of Agriculture is preparing a new three-year strategy. This will focus on the enhanced productivity of export oriented crops and ensure better marketing of exportable crops to get maximum prices of the produce. The new strategy will envisages to improve the performance of the agriculture sector including Higher growth rate of agriculture as compared to population growth Food security and self-reliance in food cropsEnhancing the productivity of wheat, rice, oil seeds, cotton and sugarcane Land and water development for a sustained agricultural growth Farm input supplies su pported by appropriate technology to the farmers and at the users' end, balanced emphasis on all aspects of agricultural production including livestock, fisheries and forestry Improving marketing of agricultural commodities, emphasis on agricultural research to generate innovative technology including biotechnology for rising per acre yield of land.Improving the productivity of small farmers while encouraging the large farmers for utilization of modern technology. GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a prime sector of national economy of Pakistan. The growth in agricultural sector and national economy moves hand in hand. The wide fluctuations in agricultural growth have greatly influenced national economy. The sixties was a period of green revolution wherein dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice with high turnover of photosynthesis were introduced.This brought a quantum jump in productivity of these cereals. This resulted in an average growth rate of 5. 1% during the decade. The growth however retarded in seventies to 2. 4%. The massive nationalization policy of the private enterprises had an overall negative impact on the economy. In addition there was a slow down in the process of varietals development and their release, paltering their potential. However, the seventies was a period of high public sector investments in agriculture sector.The important institutions commissioned during this decade are Tarbela Dam, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Training and Visit Program of Agricultural Extension, Seed Certification and Registration Departments/Seed Corporations, On Farm Water Management and Barani Area Development Programs. In addition Cotton Export Corporation and Rice Export Corporation were established during the decade to provide an export link to indigenous production. Agriculture in Pakistan Farming is Pakistan's largest economic activity. In FY 1993, agriculture, and small-scale forestry and fishing, contributed 25 percent of GDP and employed 48 percent of the labor force. Agricultural products, especially cotton yarn, cotton cloth, raw cotton, and rice, are important exports. Although there is agricultural activity in all areas of Pakistan, most crops are grown in the Indus River plain in Punjab and Sindh.Considerable development and expansion of output has occurred since the early 1960s; however, the country is still far from realizing the large potential yield that the well-irrigated and fertile soil from the Indus irrigation system could produce. The floods of September 1992 showed how vulnerable agriculture is to weather; agricultural production dropped dramatically in FY 1993. Land Use Pakistan's total land area is about 803,940 square kilometers. About 48 million hectares, or 60 percent, is often classified as unusable for forestry or agriculture consists mostly of deserts, mountain slopes, and urban settlements.Some authorities, however, include part of this area as agricultural land on the basis that it would support some livestock activity even though it is poor rangeland. Thus, estimates of grazing land vary widely–between 10 percent and 70 percent of the total area. A broad interpretation, for example, categorizes almost all of arid Baluchistan as rangeland for foraging livestock. Government officials listed only 3 million hectares, largely in the north, as forested in FY 1992. About 21. 9 million hectares were cultivated in FY 1992.Around 70 percent of the cropped area was in Punjab, followed by perhaps 20 percent in Sindh, less than 10 percent in the North-West Frontier Province, and only 1 percent in Baluchistan. Since independence, the amount of cultivated land has increased by more than one-third. This expansion is largely the result of improvements in the irrigation system that makes water available to additional plots. Su bstantial amounts of farmland have been lost to urbanization and waterlogging, but losses are more than compensated for by additions of new land.In the early 1990s, more irrigation projects were needed to increase the area of cultivated land. The scant rainfall over most of the country makes about 80 percent of cropping dependent on irrigation. Fewer than 4 million hectares of land, largely in northern Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, are totally dependent on rainfall. An additional 2 million hectares of land are under no irrigated cropping, such as plantings on floodplains as the water recedes.No irrigated farming generally gives low yields, and although the technology exists to boost production substantially, it is expensive to use and not always readily available. Irrigation In the early 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries constituted the world's largest contiguous irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system inclu des three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, headwork’s, canals, and distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000kilometers; there are an additional 1.6 million kilometers of farm and field ditches. Partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under India's control, leading to prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan over the use of Indus waters. After nine years of negotiations and technical studies, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. After a ten-year transitional period, the treaty awarded India use of the waters of the main eastern tributaries in its territory–the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.After the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extensive and rapid irrigation construction program, partly financed by the Indus Basin Development Fund of US$800 million con tributed by various nations, including the United States, and administered by the World Bank. Several immense link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to replace flows in eastern tributaries that India began to divert in accordance with the terms of the treaty. The Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed in 1967.The dam provided the first significant water storage for the Indus irrigation system. The dam also contributes to flood control, to regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the country's energy supply. At the same time, additional construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. A second phase of irrigation expansion began in 1968, when a US$1. 2 billion fund, also administered by the World Bank, was established. The key to this phase was the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, which is the world's largest earth-filled dam.The dam, completed in the 1970s, reduced the destruction of periodic floods and in 1994 was a m ajor hydroelectric generating source. Most important for agriculture, the dam increases water availability, particularly during low water, which usually comes at critical growing periods. Despite massive expansion in the irrigation system, many problems remain. The Indus irrigation system was designed to fit the availability of water in the rivers, to supply the largest area with minimum water needs, and to achieve these objectives at low operating costs with limited technical staff.This system design has resulted in low yields and low cropping intensity in the Indus River plain, averaging about one crop a year, whereas the climate and soils could reasonably permit an average of almost 1. 5 crops a year if a more sophisticated irrigation network were in place. The urgent need in the 1960s and 1970s to increase crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well above designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as improvements in other parts of the system, made larger water flows possible.In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that usually discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system considerably exceed design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. Nonetheless, many farmers, particularly those with smallholdings and those toward the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a significant engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for 90 percent of agricultural production.Nonetheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system prevent achieving the highest potential agricultural output. Water management is based largely on objectives and operational procedures dating back many decades and is often inflexible and unresponsive to current needs for greater water use efficiency and high crop yields. Cha rges for water use do not meet operational and maintenance costs, even though rates more than doubled in the 1970s and were again increased in the 1980s. Partly because of its low cost, water is often wasted by farmers.Good water management is not practiced by government officials, who often assume that investments in physical aspects of the system will automatically yield higher crop production. Government management of the system does not extend beyond the main distribution channels. After passing through these channels, water is directed onto the fields of individual farmers whose water rights are based on long-established social and legal codes. Groups of farmers voluntarily manage the watercourses between main distribution channels and their fields.In effect, the efficiency and effectiveness of water management relies on the way farmers use the system. The exact amounts of water wasted have not been determined, but studies suggest that losses are considerable and perhaps amount to one-half of the water entering the system. Part of the waste results from se pages in the delivery system. Even greater amounts are probably lost because farmers use water whenever their turn comes even if the water application is detrimental to their crops. The attitude among almost all farmers is that they should use water when available because it may not be available at the next scheduled turn.Moreover, farmers have little understanding of the most productive applications of water during crop-growing cycles because of the lack of research and extension services. As a result, improvements in the irrigation system have not raised yields and output as expected. Some experts believe that drastic changes are needed in government policies and the legal and institutional framework of water management if water use is to improve and that effective changes can result in very large gains in agricultural output. DrainageThe continuous expansion of the irrigation system over the past cen tury significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to rise, reaching crisis conditions for a substantial area. Around 1900 the water table was usually more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 survey found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab.In some locations, the water table is much closer to the surface. Cropping is seriously affected over a wide area by poor drainage–waterlogging–and by accumulated salts in the soil. Although some drainage was installed before World War II, little attention was paid to the growing waterlogging and salinity problems. In 1959 a salinity control and reclamation project was started in a limited area, based on public tube wells, to draw down the water table and leach out accumulated s alts near the surface, using groundwater for irrigation.By the early 1980s, some thirty such projects had been started that when completed would irrigate nearly 6. 3 million hectares. By 1993 the government had installed around 15,000 tube wells. Private farmers, however, had installed over 200,000 mostly small tube wells, mainly for irrigation purposes but also to lower the water table. Private Wells probably pumped more than five times as much water as public wells. Officials were aware of the need for additional spending to prevent further deterioration of the existing situation.Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990s was on rehabilitation and maintenance of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in priority areas. Emphasis was also placed on short-term projects, largely to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to raise yields. Part of the funding would come from steady increases in water use fees; the intention is gradually to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs.Considerable time and money are needed to realize the full potential of the irrigation system and bring it up to modern standards. Farm Ownership and Land Reform At independence Pakistan was a country with a great many small-scale farms and a small number of very large estates. Distribution of landownership was badly skewed. Less than 1 percent of the farms consisted of more than 25 percent of the total agricultural land. Many owners of large holdings were absentee landlords, contributing little to production but extracting as much as possible from the sharecroppers who farmed the land.At the other extreme, about 65 percent of the farmers held some 15 percent of the farmland in holdings of about two hectares or less. Approximately 50 percent of the farmland was cultivated by tenants, including sharecroppers, most of whom had little security and few rights. An additional large number of landless rural inhabitants worked as agricultural laborers. Farm laborers and many tenants were extremely poor, uneducated, and undernourished, in sharp contrast to the wealth, status, and political power of the landlordelite. After independence the country's political leaders recognized the need for more equitable ownership of farmland and security of tenancy. In the early 1950s, provincial governments attempted to eliminate some of the absentee landlords or rent collectors, but they had little success in the face of strong opposition. Security of tenancy was also legislated in the provinces, but because of their dependent position, tenant farmers benefited only slightly.In fact, the reforms created an atmosphere of uncertainty in the countryside and intensified the animosity between wealthy landlords and small farmers and sharecroppers. In January 1959, accepting the recommendations of a special commission on the subject, General Moham mad Ayub Khan's government issued new land reform regulations that aimed to boost agricultural output, promote social justice, and ensure security of tenure. A ceiling of about 200 hectares of irrigated land and 400 hectares of nonirrigated land was placed on individual ownership; compensation was paid to owners for land surrendered.Numerous exemptions, including title transfers to family members, limited the impact of the ceilings. Slightly fewer than 1 million hectares of land were surrendered, of which a little more than 250,000 hectares were sold to about 50,000 tenants. The land reform regulations made no serious attempt to break up large estates or to lessen the power or privileges of the landed elite. However, the measures attempted to provide some security of tenure to tenants, consolidate existing holdings, and prevent fragmentation of farm plots.An average holding of about five hectares was considered necessary for a family's subsistence, and a holding of about twenty to t wenty-five hectares was pronounced as a desirable â€Å"economic† holding. In March 1972, the Bhutto government announced further land reform measures, which went into effect in 1973. The landownership ceiling was officially lowered to about five hectares of irrigated land and about twelve hectares of nonirrigated land; exceptions were in theory limited to an additional 20 percent of land for owners having tractors and tube wells.The ceiling could also be extended for poor-quality land. Owners of expropriated excess land received no compensation, and beneficiaries were not charged for land distributed. Official statistics showed that by 1977 only about 520,000 hectares had been surrendered, and nearly 285,000 hectares had been redistributed to about 71,000 farmers. The 1973 measure required landlords to pay all taxes, water charges, seed costs, and one-half of the cost of fertilizer and other inputs.It prohibited eviction of tenants as long as they cultivated the land, and it gave tenants first rights of purchase. Other regulations increased tenants' security of tenure and prescribed lower rent rates than had existed. In 1977 the Bhutto government further reduced ceilings on private ownership of farmland to about four hectares of irrigated land and about eight hectares of no irrigated land. In an additional measure, agricultural income became taxable, although small farmers owning ten hectares or fewer–the majority of the farm populations–were exempted.The military regime of Zia ul-Haq that ousted Bhutto neglected to implement these later reforms. Governments in the 1980s and early 1990s avoided significant land reform measures, perhaps because they drew much of their support from landowners in the countryside. Government policies designed to reduce the concentration of landownership had some effect, but their significance was difficult to measure because of limited data. In 1993 the most recent agricultural census was that of 1980, which was used to compare statistics with the agricultural census of 1960.Between 1960 and 1980, the number of farms declined by 17 percent and farms decreased in area by 4 percent, resulting in slightly larger farms. This decline in the number of farms was confined to marginal farms of two hectares or fewer, which in 1980 represented 34 percent of all farms, constituting 7 percent of the farm hectarage. At the other extreme, the number of very large farms of sixty hectares or more was 14,000–both in 1960 and in 1980–although the average size of the biggest farms was smaller in 1980. The number of farms between two and ten hectares increased during this time.Greater use of higher-yielding seeds requiring heavier applications of fertilizers, installations of private tube wells, and mechanization accounted for much of the shift away from very small farms toward mid-sized farms, as owners of the latter undertook cultivation instead of renting out part of their land. Observers b elieved that this trend had continued in the 1980s and early 1990s. In early 1994, land reform remained a controversial and complex issue. Large landowners retain their power over small farmers and tenants, especially in the interior of Sindh, which has a feudal agricultural establishment.Tenancy continues on a large-scale: one-third of Pakistan's farmers are tenant farmers, including almost one-half of the farmers in Sindh. Tenant farmers typically give almost 50 percent of what they produce to landlords. Fragmented holdings remain a substantial and widespread problem. Studies indicate that larger farms are usually less productive per hectare or unit of water than smaller ones. Cropping Patterns and Production In the early 1990s, most crops were grown for food. Wheat is by far the most important crop in Pakistan and is the staple food for the majority of the population.Wheat is eaten most frequently in unleavened bread called chapatti. In FY 1992, wheat was planted on 7. 8 million hectares, and production amounted to 14. 7 million tons. Output in FY 1993 reached 16. 4 million tons. Between FY 1961 and FY 1990, the area under wheat cultivation increased nearly 70 percent, while yields increased 221 percent. Wheat production is vulnerable to extreme weather, especially in nonirrigated areas. In the early and mid-1980s, Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat, but in the early 1990s more than 2 million tons of wheat were imported annually.Rice is the other major food grain. In FY 1992, about 2. 1 million hectares were planted with rice, and production amounted to 3. 2 million tons, with 1 million tons exported. Rice yields also have increased sharply since the 1960s following the introduction of new varieties. Nonetheless, the yield per hectare of around 1. 5 tons in FY 1991 was low compared with many other Asian countries. Pakistan has emphasized the production of rice in order to increase exports to the Middle East and therefore concentrates on the high-quality basmati variety, although other grades also are exported.The government increased procurement prices of basmati rice disproportionately to encourage exports and has allowed private traders into the rice export business alongside the public-sector Rice Export Corporation. Other important food grains are millet, sorghum, corn, and barley. Corn, although a minor crop, gradually increased in area and production after independence, partly at the expense of other minor food grains. Chickpeas, called gram in Pakistan, are the main nongrain food crop in area and production. A number of other foods, including fruits and vegetables, are also grown.In the early 1990s, cotton was the most important commercial crop. The area planted in cotton increased from 1. 1 million hectares in FY 1950 to 2. 1 million hectares in FY 1981 and 2. 8 million hectares in FY 1993. Yields increased substantially in the 1980s, partly as a result of the use of pesticides and the introduction in 1985 of a new high-yie lding variety of seed. During the 1980s, cotton yields moved from well below the world average to above the world average. Production in FY 1992 was 12. 8 million bales, up from 4. 4 million bales ten years earlier.Output fell sharply, however, to 9. 3 million bales in FY 1993 because of the September 1992 floods and insect infestations. Other cash crops include tobacco, rapeseed, and, most important, sugarcane. In FY 1992 sugarcane was planted on 880,000 hectares, and production was 35. 7 million tons. Except for some oil from cottonseeds, the country is dependent on imported vegetable oil. By the 1980s, introduction and experimentation with oilseed cultivation was under way. Soybeans and sunflower seeds appear to be suitable crops given the country's soil and climate, but production was still negligible in the early 1990s.