Holocaust Post to World War II Essay Example for Free

Holocaust Post to World War II EssayLet us begin by quoting the superb words of Elie Wiesel (1995), the Nobel laureate for repose in 1986 and Holocaust survivor For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear his duty is to bear watch for the dead and the living. He has no right to deprive future generations of a past that belongs to our collective memory. To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time. The witness has forced himself to testify. For the y come to the foreh of today, for the children who will be born tomorrow.He does not want his past to become their future (cited in hammock and Wang, c2006, pg 15). Cruel Massacre Against Humanity in Holocaust Post to WWII Holocaust post to the beginning of World War II gave an account of tragedy and extensive killings of majorly Jews in trillions. Other killings involved the hatful of Gypsies who are descendant of Egypt in history, the mentally and ph ysically challenged ancient individuals, political enemies to the ruling g overnment of Nazi of Germany, and racially undesirable individuals who met an untimely dead end in the Nazi Camps of Germany after .This holocaust occurred between the years 1939 and the commencement of World War II. It is a outstanding destruction that is characterized by extensive loss of human lives through means such as fire, nuclear arms et cetera. Holocaust at times is in like manner used to represent the genocide in Armenian and Hellenic. Hellenic are Greece speaking people who suffered massive religious killing of about 3 million Christians in Turkey between the years 1915 to 1925 (Dawidowicz, 1975).Prior to the World War II, over six million Jewish people were targeted and destroyed by the past Nazi government and its co-sponsors. Nazi government of Germany developed a great hatred for the people of Jews who have spread and had established tent all over European States. The destruction was caused by an expression of superiority over the perceived inferior Jews. The spreading and the success of the Jews over some citizen of Europe became a event of crucial talk among the cabinet members of Nazi. Nazi saw them as strange people who must not live.Later on, Nazi resulted into racial war against the Jews. In addition to the Jews, Nazi also developed similar racial hatred to other set of people in the all over world. The list includes the people of Roma called Gypsies, the physically challenged or formally called the handicapped, the Slavic people of Russia, Poland and others as mentioned earlier (Yahil L. 1990). In addition to the basis of destruction on perception of racial inferiority, political and theological reasons were also confirmed as part of the basis for destruction of certain other set of people.Thirdly is the massive destruction establish on ideological group belonging and on cultural hatred for the Jews, one of the prominent groups by then were the Communist, the S ocialist groups, and the Jehovah Witness movement. accepted homosexual were not spared in the killing. Due to the presence of certain members of the Nazi government who were homosexuals, there was mixed feelings development towards the extermination this set of people. The Jehovah witness movement group recorded the lowest number of casualties because they were less concentrated in a place unlike others.The achievement was made possible owe to regional concentration of the target people to be destroyed. Some were taken on hostage within a wide range of land for a long period before they were been destroyed by biological weapons, diseases, famine, and other forms of military maltreatment. For the physically challenged group, Nazi carried out his mission by including in his insurance policy the so called Euthanasia Program (early killing to prevent prolong living in serious discomfort and pain). Some able body target among the Jews and Poland were captured and on the side sentenced to hard labor till they meet their death.Post-World War II Holocaust After the WWII, there was an arrival of a different dimension to the war. Holocaust in the mid-1940 to the early 90s was basically the existence of relative tension, and fragile calmness. This is due to the modernized existence of nuclear and atomic destruction that posed more colossal figures in potential victims. On the basis of nuclear power possession, nations were termed superpower of the world. The era was termed cold war among the two major powerful unions the United States and the Soviet confederacy of Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asian continent.The United State came in following the 1942 Washington Act to deliver the Jews from total extinction. Holocaust Literature In the modern study of holocaust, many theories are used to propose the origin of holocaust. While the Intentionalists accept that holocaust is a deliberate act initiated by Adolf Hitler, the Functionalists get by that the genesis of holocaust was rather a policy failure by the government of Nazi to regulate immigration to Europe and expel other migrants out of Europe.Hence, the Jews find their way in with ease and dominate the Europe in their millions. Functionalists disagree on several claims by the Intentionalism on several of their literature pointing riff on the lack of adequate plan on population growth as the genesis of holocaust. There also exist holocaust theology that reviews theologys kindness and protection shield on His own people.

How Can Resourcing and Development Add Value in the Modern Workplace Essay Example for Free

How Can Resourcing and Development Add Value in the Modern Workplace Essay accord to Ann Marie E. McSwain, Assistant Professor at Lincoln University, lead is about(predicate) capacity the capacity of leaders to lis disco biscuit and observe, to use their expertise as a outset point to encourage dialogue between all levels of decision-making, to establish processes and transparency in decision-making, to articulate their own value and visions clearly solely not put down them.Leadership is about screen background and not just reacting to agendas, de bank noteateing problems, and initiating change that makes for substantial alterment rather than managing change. In the new(a) workplace, a good leader batch lead the team to mastery and vice versa. The importance of a good leader in an fundamental law arousenot be doubted. However, one of the most challenging issues in the modern workplace is keeping talents. Talents or leaders whitethorn leave the government for better o ffer or higher rate of pay. If no substitution to drive it once the leader or key person leaves, the administration whitethorn get into troubles.In order to master(prenominal)tain the morale and loyalty for the early(a) employees, another good, competent with respect of others should be appointed as leader. Other than leaders, junior grading employee should also be make waterd to develop their calling to several(prenominal) senior positions. This can explain why a occupational group management (include season intent for experienced staff) is so essential in an fundamental law as a expressive style of great deal sourcing. Career management is the combination of structured intend and the management choice for ones own professional rush.It is a process for employees to become aware of their interests, values, strengths and weaknesses, to get information about tune opportunities inwardly the musical arrangement, helps to identify the passage goals, establish an acti on intention to achieve the career goals. Succession plan is a process to identify and develop internal potential employee to take up up the key or critical organizational positions. The main purpose of succession plan is to ensure the availability of competent, capable and experienced employee to prepare to be appointed to those positions when they become vacant.Succession planning meaning that prepare the experienced employees to under outcome around key roles, focus on leadership continuity and sharing knowledge, provide a more utile and efficient observe and tracking of employees proficiency levels and the skill gaps and counter the increasing difficulty of recruiting talents externally. Succession plan is a very important and necessary part of an organization to thin out risk, create a proven leadership model, increase employees working morale and help the business to run smooth continuity and expand.Both people sourcing way are aids to develop talent and long-term growth , improve the capabilities and overall performance of workforce, create employee memory, meet the career ontogeny requirement of existing employee and improve support to employees throughout their employment. Career management is important in the eye of the organization and the employee. From the organizations view, the failure to motivate their employees to plan for their career may result in shortage of employees to fill up the vacant, lower the employees fealty and inappropriate use of money which allocated for the training and development programs.From the employees view, lacking of career management may result in frustration, having a feeling that they are not value in the organization and unable to find some other suitable employment when the job nature changed, no matter due to mergers, acquisitions, restructuring or downsizing. The outcome for a successful career management includes employees personal fulfillment, goals exercise and a newly promotional theme in the moder n workplace which is work-life balance. Different practices of people sourcing method can be used in dissimilar size of an organization.Entrepreneurship, partnership and limited play along are some practices of forming an organization. Entrepreneurship means the one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into scotch goods. The most obvious formation of entrepreneurship is to start a new business. Entrepreneurship means that the business is run by an owner which call entrepreneur. Partnership is similar to entrepreneurship other than the organization is managed by at least two or in a higher place owners.Limited company means it is an organization which shareholders whose liability is limited by shares. Entrepreneurship is usually some small business and has fewer employees than limited organization which runs double business. If the business runs smooth and expand, entrepreneurship can turn into a limited organization. Aft er choosing the honorable method of people sourcing inside an organization, the organization can benefit from different softs of advantages.With the right practice of people sourcing method in the right size of organization, the organization will be added value. Add value can mean contributing directly to organization goals and deliver business accusatorys. Every organization has its goal and objective because these goals and objective can help the organization to define business and drive itself to success. Since the organizations goal and objective are uses to lead itself to success, all the policies and procedures should get its direction, including its employee sourcing way. Thomson, a pioneer in the old print economy, helped to create the electronic age with online transcription and CD-ROM products.One of the goals of his company, Thomson Corporation, is to become the dominant global e-information and solutions business. In order to make the growth strategy become successf ul, Thomson has to keep some key employees and motivate some junior employees because he believes that the essence to have employee retention includes creating a satisfying an challenging work environment, maintaining the right fit between the employees and their jobs and making sure that his employees have the right tools to perform their jobs successfully.Another goal of his company is to facilitate employees career development. In order to achieve this goal, Thomson had to educate his employees that career opportunities are available within the company and he had made it easier for employees to move within the company. By executing the career development within the company, Thomson had developed an online career center for his employees. The website includes seven hundred to nine hundred jobs listing every month. His employee can go to this website and choose specify preferred locations and full time or part time job.Meanwhile, a personal search agent would notify the employee wh enever a new opening related jobs or career interests are posted automatically. The website had been developed to include self assessments so that the employees can decide whether they if they have the ask skills. If the employees found that he needs some education or training to quality for a position, the website will link them to some courses. The design of the website is a kind of career management for the employees which can retain and motivate employees.After that, their supervisor will conduct performance appraisal annually to review their performance. As the career management systems start from self assessment, reality check, goal background and finally the action planning, every employee in Thomson Corporation develop their career through the above steps. Self assessment refers to the use of information by the employees to found out their career interests, values, aptitudes and behavioral tendencies and it usually involves some psychological tests.In Thomson Corporation, employees can identify their occupational and job interests, e. . work in different types of environments and identify the relative value they place on work and the leisure activities through the career centre. finished the self assessment, employees may start to consider where they are in their careers, identify the future plans and assess them to fit in the current job with available resources. naturalism check means the information that the employees receive about how their organization evaluates their knowledge and skills which help them to fit into organizations plan.The said information is given by their supervisor as part of the performance appraisal process which included the performance review and employees career interests, strengths and possible development plans. Goal setting mean the process of employees developing short term and long term career objective. The goals usually relate to desired positions, level of skill application, work setting or skill acquisition. Em ployees in Thomson Corporation may have chance to achieve skill acquisition through specify training.Besides, development plan may be written out after the performance appraisal. The development plans include the descriptions of strengths and weakness, career goals and development plans for r distributivelying the career goals. Action planning means how the employees pay back their way to achieve short term or long term goals. An action plan usually involves in enrolling to some training courses, conducting information interviews or applying for a vacant within the organization.The information in the website is useful for ensuring the employees abilities, skills and nterests matches their jobs. If in that respect is a mismatch, the website will provide some related training information and courses exposit for them to develop their skills. Other than the employee can benefit from such activities, the organization will benefit from the systems too. Firstly, it can reach a biggish number of potential job seekers after they post a vacant. Secondly, the website had provided detailed accessible information about the jobs which can facilitates employees development. Employees will then aware of what knowledge and skills are needed for the job.Thirdly, the system encourages employees responsible for an active role in the career management. This is congruent with a psychological contract and protean career. Career management is uses for junior grading employees and succession planning is designed for experienced or senior employees. Career management is usually applied to some small entrepreneurship and succession planning is applying to some large size limited companies. As large companies usually divided into few sections and each section will be managed by a line manager, an effective succession plan should be used.Motorola, Inc is an electronic and wireless communications company. In 1991, Motorola restructure itself and set out some new objectives and goals. M eanwhile, Motorola had promoted a succession plan named Organization and Management Development Review (OMDR). The objective would be diversity and sought to accelerate the advancement of women and minorities within the organization. The company goal which is within ten years the number of women and minorities at all levels of management should be representative of the number of women and minorities in the available talent pool.They also made a commitment that every year that at least three women and minorities would be appointed as vice-president among the twenty to forty people. In OMDR, the process of identifying the high potentials would be requires each section to submit a list of candidates in four categories white men, women, minorities and technical staff. The succession plans are prepared for each high potential and their advance within the organization is being tracked.If the high potential leave or fall out of the list in the future, their supervisor must explain why thi s would happen. In order to counter the erception that most of the women and minorities are still in the feeder pool, a replacement chart had identifies some key positions and three people who could fill each one was developed. The first priority would be an immediate successor. The second priority would be a person who should success the incumbent if the organization had three to five years to prepare. The third priority would be the most qualified woman or minority candidate at that time, in sum total to any women or minorities had already on the first two priorities. Women and minorities must be included even needs to hire externally.Besides the replacement chart, there are some other key elements of the program such as career planning. All individuals would receive a guidance to set out the career goals and develop some strategies to achieve them. The guidance of the program is give by managers through some informal mentoring and through the organizations womens leadership conf erence. In this case, Motorola had show the linkage between the succession planning initiative and the organizations business goals which emphasis was placed on the business success that can flow from having a socially diverse workforce.Since Motorola sees diversity as a business initiative and not only human resources department but all line managers are responsible for the programs implementation. Senior managers are required to keep tracking of the representation of women and minorities in their units. The succession planning is then effective because of the cooperation of all employees. Effective career management and succession plan can drive small size company or large size company to success through adding value to it. It can help the employers and employees to fulfill the company objectives and goals.In order to make the plan effective in the company, the below ten points should be noted. First, the organization must define the targets and goals clearly. It should set a time frame and numbers creates impetus for action. Without a clear direction, employee may not know what or how they should do to go for success. When the employee knows the company objective and goal and the time frame, they can set out their own career development plan. Second, the organization should define the details and meaning of the succession plan to include the widest talent pool.Succession plan is not yet common in modern workplace. High potential will be attracted to work in those companies with succession plan in order to get higher acquirement. Third, the organization should inform the employee about the succession plan and to let them know that they should be ready all the times. It is because when they are on the radar, they will ask more questions about their development and it is harder for them to be lost within the organization. Fourth, the organization should implement the career management careful and have strategic planning for targeted individuals career developm ent.Since being identified is not enough, the organization should consider the potential benefits of encourage informal mentoring. Fifth, the organization should ensure there is strong leadership and commitment from senior management. This is because initial and ongoing personal interest group of the director is an important criterion to lead the plan to success. Sixth, the career management and succession plan must be integrate into the business objective and positioned as a response to the business need.A clear linkage between the business goal and the desired results of the career management will help to ready commitment from the organization and employee. Career management must be success when it portrayed as a core issue. Seventh, the organization should make all the line managers accountable for the success of the initiative. Since the career management is a business initiative, all employees should be responsible and accountable for its delivery, especially the line manager s. Eighth, the organization should encourage the employees to take an active role in the career management.The organization should let the employee know that the career management is a tool to help them to get higher achievement which is benefiting them. Ninth, the evaluation should be an on-going one which uses to get improvement. Tenth, career management should be linked to other human resources practices such as performance management, training and recruiting systems. The organization may evaluate the career management through several outcomes. First, the reactions of the managers and the employees who use the career management can be determined through some surveys.Second, some more information with objective related to the results of the career management system can be tracked such as the time needs to fill up a vacant, the percentage of usage of the system. Talent management is a new direction in the modern workplace. Career management and succession plan can help both the sma ll size organization and large size organization to add value through contributing directly to organization objective and goal. In order to success, all organization should focus on the career development of employee more than business since employees are the most valuable assets within an organization

Is music still true?

Is music still avowedly?Is Music Still True?Authenticity is a major issue in popular music, and it also seems to master the differences between rock and pop. To musicians, rock is the genre that has genuineness and is virtually trusted, while the pop genre tends to be much of a commercialized type of music, which most musicians today commit that the pop music is about the glamour and the money. In the end it comes down to the listeners point of view. In this argument, originality is understood as certain to its origins. Some say that with the new technology today, its hard to make anything sound authentic. In some cases, for example Jack gabardine from such bands as The White Stripes, The Raconteurs, and The dead Weather, have stayed away from technology when it comes to the recording end. White also attempts to capture authenticity by employ overaged instruments, to capture the essence of the old time sound. Like White, opposite artists as well find that the new technolo gy today takes the soul out of the music, as well as go far enough to use authentic old style instruments. Although some believe that you can use technology today to give it even more of a rich authentic sound. Most people believe that soul is the key component to authenticity, while some believe that it is about reenacting the innovators of the past. Some believe that songs or artists can still have authentic meaning. One artists that has dealt with issues of authenticity was 60s folk star Bob Dylan. Dylans first electric album rainy day woman had a enormous impact on his fans. The fans were enraged at his desertion from the authentic folk roots that he was so well cognise for. He received some credit with the fact that his lyrics and song topics were still awarded as authentic. Dylans song were known to make a strong stand toward politics, and had unsophisticated lyrics but had complex understanding. Then there are artists like John Mayer, who keep to the authenticity on every l evel, but seems to add his own innovational twist. Mayer is a well known discolour guitarist who keeps to his bluey guitar riffs, but with a sound of a distorted guitar. Mayer at times has also been subjected to the pop commercial genre, with his higher pitched voice and for his criticized lyrics. Artists like these prove that authenticity in music, does not mean that it has to be exactly like the origins it came from.Certain authors have pondered that this differentiation may be misleading, but even so, have divided authenticity into several categories (Moore, 2002) first person authenticity, where original music is performed in a mien that makes the audition believe the music is authentic that is, authentically created, and performed and third person authenticity, where a performer of music succeeds in conveying the impression of having accurately conveyed the panorama of an absent former(a) (Moore, 2002). Authenticity is assumed, by many authors, to be inscribed to a mus ician or performer, yet this assumption is wholly wrong, in that authenticity is actually ascribed to musicians and performers. Authenticity, as a value, is something that must be constructed by each and every listener personally, according to their own response to the music in question. It is still after the listener sees the performance of the music by the musician, that they can begin to understand the musicians relationship to the piece, and their interpretation of the piece, and only then can the musician be said to have any authenticity. The following is based on this view of authenticity as an ascribed value. Eric Clapton and his music are used as an example by many authors on the subject of authenticity in music, and these discussions invariably fall into Moores (2002) second category of authenticity third-person authenticity. Eric Clapton, a highly able and respected musician, gained a huge worldwide following in the 1960s for his interpretations and performances, solo and with his band, Cream. I say interpretation as many of the songs that Clapton, and Cream performed, such as Crossroads, were not original songs, and were re-worked by Clapton. Crossroads was a song originally written and performed by the country blues star Robert Johnson (Moore, 2002). Johnson led a tragic life, dying early in mysterious circumstances, and living his life as a poor man, with only his guitar for comfort, on which he composed blues music, through and through which he explored his own life through distorting the sound of the instrument to provide an analogue for his own tortured soul (Moore, 2002). It is argued that, to a certain extent, when Clapton performed Crossroads, he did not certify Johnsons music by reinforcement, rather his interpretation of Johnsons song authenticated Claptons own tuneful presence (Moore, 2002). It was the appropriation of the black blues tradition, of which Johnson was a part, which gave Clapton the material through which he constructed himself as an authentic performer (Moore, 2002). Claptons appropriation of the black blues tradition was then cemented by his full discovery of this tradition, from BB King to Freddie and Albert King, from country blues through to Robert Johnson (Moore, 2002). This tracing of the origins of a practice back to the originator of the practice thus reinforces the tradition to the tracer this phenomenon, and is well known in discussions of authenticity in popular music (Moore, 2002) this process is also necessarily circular, as Clapton was authenticated via his appropriation of Johnson, who was then authenticated by his appropriation by an artist he himself had a great deal of respect for (Moore, 2002), since only music that is worth acquiring will be appropriated. As Moore (2002) argues, Clapton conveyed the message this is what it is like to be me to his audience, using the message this is what it was like to be Johnson. Thus, authenticity of execution (Moore, 2002) arises when a perfo rmer succeeds in conveying the impression of accurately conveying the demeanor of an absent other (Moore, 2002), and Clapton is a particularly apt example of this third-person authenticity. Thus, during his performances of particular songs (for example, Crossroads) Clapton speaks the truth of his own situation, as during his performances, he can only convey his own particular expression of a particular song openly, honestly and therefore, truthfully. As to whether Clapton manages to convey the truth of the situation of absent others, this is a difficult one to answer. In order for an audience to believe that Clapton is conveying the truth of an absent other, the audience postulate to know that Clapton has respect for that absent other, enough respect to have made a total study of the tradition to which that musician belonged, a study which allows Claptons interpretation of that particular piece of music to be authentic in the sense of being true to its origins. As to whether Clap ton speaks the truth of his own finale and thereby represents present others when performing the music of absent others, this is an even more difficult point of discussion. This point needs to rely on a meaning for the word culture in order to fully answer this question, and this is difficult. Can Clapton, a etiolate man, from a white culture, ever delve deeply enough in to a tradition to be able to authentically convey music from an entirely different (black) culture? Cultural purists would argue not, but in todays multicultural society, the answer to this question is increasingly (and increasingly believably) likely to be yes, at least for white audiences, and for blacks who defend with the idea, and principles, of cross-cultural artistic expression. However, it has to be recognized that there are certain tensions and resistance encountered in the process of cross-cultural appropriation of music, particularly in this case, as it concerns the black community, who see their music al heritage as something pure, a badge of identity entirely their own. This is entirely understandable, particularly in reference to appropriation of the blues tradition by whites, as blues is a black music, which arose out of unspeakable suppression and hardship at the hands of the white man. Tensions that arise from within the black community at the (mis)use of the blues tradition by whites should therefore be listened to, and could also be used as a lesson to learn from. A recent book by Todd Gitlin (2001) argues that we, as a society, are becoming so overwhelmed with information from the media, in so many varieties of the media, that we are becoming insubordinate to its lure, and are even beginning to shy away from this media onslaught. It seems that one way people can avoid this media onslaught is to search out authentic performances from authentic musicians, as this would guarantee quality and purity of enjoyment. Authenticity of an artists like Clapton, really come down to the listeners and their opinion on whether or not the artists is authentic. Music has constantly been about the listeners, so they are the only ones who can really decide what is authentic. Most fans will say the authentic ones are the ones who keep it real, which is just some other way of saying keeping it true to the original genre. Which makes Authenticity in music a very long ongoing topic. There will continuously be those who say he is to commercial for me and those who will think that that artists perfected and recreated a new side of the authentic origin. Artists, like Clapton, who appropriate music from other cultures, and who we can argue do this in a compassionate manner, are perhaps the guiding lights for many of todays media-overwhelmed generation they serve, for many, as a good understructure to the traditions from which such music is drawn, from which point the interested can do their own research and discover the authentic music from which such adaptations are d eveloped. Cross-cultural musical evolution can only be a process for good in terms of the development of music, as long as authenticity and the conferrer culture are respected.

Water fluoridation

Water fluoridation ABSTRACT The dearty and efficacy of urine fluoridation has been a topic of great controversy passim Americas communities. Scientific attest has shown that ingesting number peerless to moderate levels of fluoride can benefit the alveolar consonant health of a club, especially those populations in a community that may be classified as having low socioeconomic status. Children in all aras, but especially those with low SES, ar at greatest pretend for developing alveolar consonant cavity and having a community pee fluoridation program (CWFP) will help them reduce their dental cavity. Moderation of fluoride ingestion for individuals is the key. Low to moderate day-after-day ingestion of fluoride, averaging 1.0 mg/liter per day is optimum. alveolar and skeletal fluorosis can occur if ingestion levels are greater than 3.0 mg/liter per day for vast periods of time. This is a discussion on the safety and efficacy of water fluoridation. INTRODUCTIONT his commentary presents the on-going controversy on community water fluoridation in the fall in States, and I will attempt to analyze science-based evidence in support of water fluoridation. There guard always been questions on the safety and efficacy of fluoride in imbibition water, some school of pur become believes that fluoridation has some adverse effects to exposed human populations, especially in infants and children. Another school of thought believes that water fluoridation is essential in proceeding tooth decay, and therefore the practice should be sustained. According to the Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) water fluoridation is angiotensin converting enzyme of the 10 great state-supported health achievements of the 20th century in the United States (CDC, 1999), which is attributable for increased lifespan of Americans by 25 years ( lying in wait et al., 1994). This typography will discuss science-based evidence that proves the efficacy and safety of water fluoridation among children as well as offer some recommendations to the various stakeholders. baffle STATEMENT Water fluoridation is the adjustment of the preoccupancy level to the optimally regulated level of which the inbredly occurring fluoride presents in public or community potable water supplies. In most cases, deflouridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. The recommended fluoride concentration in potable water by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) is 0.7-1.2mg/L, to effectively prevent dental enclosed space and minimize the occurrence of dental fluorosis (NRC, 2006). Low decay rates were install to be associated with continuous ingestion of water with fluoride subject matter of 1ppm (Meskin, 1995). There has been serious questions as to the efficacy of fluoride intervention in preventing both tooth decay, as it benefit is said to be merely cosmetic or local (CDC, 1999). Such topical effect of fluoride can be achieved by the intent tooth without the risking the overexposure from ingested fluoride (NRC, 2006). However, it has also been reported that fluoride exposure provides both systemic and topical protection. Ingested fluoride deposited on tooth come during tooth formation, and fluoride contained in expectoration provides long-lasting systemic protection against booth tooth decay than topical application using tooth paste or fluoride foams (CDC, 2001). WHAT IS FLUORIDEFluoride is a naturally occurring element. It is plunge in rocks and soil everywhere. Fluoride can be found in fresh water and ocean water. Naturally occurring fluoride levels ranges from 0.1ppm to over 12ppm (NRC, 2006).Fluoride is present in the customary diets of mess and in most portable water sources. The average dietetic intake of fluoride is approximately 0.5mg daily from either naturally occurring fluoride in the water or the fluoride found in turn. It is also a normal component of tooth adorn and bone studies have shown that the calcified tissues of both enamel and bone are made up of a combination of hydroxyl- and fluor-apatites of varying composition depending on the abundance of fluoride at the site of formation. These tissues are the principal sites of deposition of fluoride (NRC, 2006). HOW FLUORIDE PREVENTS AND CONTROLS DENTAL CARIES alveolar consonant bodily cavity is an infectious, hereditary disease in which bacterial by-products (i.e., acids) dissolve the hard surfaces of dentition. Unchecked, the bacteria can penetrate the dissolved surface, attack the underlying dentin, and reach the soft pulp tissue. Dental cavity can result in loss of tooth structure, pain, and tooth loss and can progress to acute systemic infection. Cryogenic bacteria (i.e., bacteria that cause dental caries) reside in dental face, a sticky organic matrix of bacteria, food debris, dead mucosal cells, and salivary components that adheres to tooth enamel. Plaque also contains minerals, pr imarily calcium and phosphorus, as well as proteins, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, and lipids. Cryogenic bacteria colonize on tooth surfaces and produce polysaccharides that enhance adherence of the plaque to enamel. Left undisturbed, plaque will erect and harbor increasing numbers of cryogenic bacteria. An initial step in the formation of a carious lesion takes place when cryogenic bacteria in dental plaque metabolize a substrate from the diet (e.g., sugars and other fermentable carbohydrates) and the acid produced as a metabolic by-product demineralizes (i.e., begins to dissolve) the adjacent enamel vitreous silica surface (CDC,2009). Demineralization involves the loss of calcium, phosphate, and carbonate. These minerals can be captured by surrounding plaque and be available for reuptake by the enamel surface. Fluoride, when present in the utter, is also retained and concentrated in plaque. Fluoride works to control early dental caries in several ways. Fluoride concentrated in plaque and saliva inhibits the demineralization of sound enamel and enhances the remineralization (i.e., recovery) of demineralized enamel (Featherstone, 1999 Koulourides, 1990). As cryogenic bacteria metabolize carbohydrates and produce acid, fluoride is released from dental plaque in response to lowered pH at the tooth-plaque interface. The released fluoride and the fluoride present in saliva are then taken up, along with calcium and phosphate, by de-mineralized enamel to establish an improved enamel quartz glass structure. This improved structure is more acid resistant and contains more fluoride and less carbonate (Featherstone, 1999). Fluoride is more readily taken up by demineralized enamel than by sound enamel. Cycles of demineralization and remineralization deal throughout the lifetime of the tooth. Fluoride also inhibits dental caries by affecting the activity of cryogenic bacteria. As fluoride concentrates in dental plaque, it inhibits the process by which cryogenic bacteria metabolize carbohydrates to produce acid and affects bacterial production of adhesive polysaccharides. In laboratory studies, when a low concentration of fluoride is constantly present, one subject of cryogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, produces less acid. Whether this reduced acid production reduces the carcinogenicity of these bacteria in humans is unclear (Van Loveren, 1990). Saliva is a major carrier of topical fluoride. The concentration of fluoride in ductal saliva, as it is secreted from salivary glands, is low approximately 0.016 parts per million (ppm) in areas where drinking water is fluoridated and 0.006ppm in non fluoridated areas. This concentration of fluoride is not likely to affect cryogenic activity. However, drinking fluoridated water, brushing with fluoride toothpaste, or using other fluoride dental products can raise the concentration of fluoride in saliva present in the mouth 100- to 1,000-fold. The concentration returns to previous levels wit hin 12 hours but, during this time, saliva serves as an important source of fluoride for concentration in plaque and for tooth remineralization (Murray,1993). Applying fluoride gel or other products containing a juicy concentration of fluoride to the teeth leaves a temporary layer of calcium fluoride-like material on the enamel surface. The fluoride in this material is released when the pH drops in the mouth in response to acid production and is available to remineralize enamel. In the earliest days of fluoride research, investigators hypothesized that fluoride affects enamel and inhibits dental caries only when incorporated into developing dental enamel (i.e., preeruptively, before the tooth erupts into the mouth) (Murray,1993). Evidence supports this hypothesis, but distinguishing a true preeruptive effect after teeth erupt into a mouth where topical fluoride exposure occurs regularly is difficult. However, a high fluoride concentration in sound enamel cannot alone explain the marked reduction in dental caries that fluoride produces . The prevalence of dental caries in a population is not inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in enamel, and a high concentration of enamel fluoride is not necessarily more efficacious in preventing dental caries (Mcdonagh etal.,2000). The laboratory and epidemiologic research that has led to the better understanding of how fluoride prevents dental caries indicates that fluorides predominant effect is post eruptive and topical and that the effect depends on fluoride being in the recompense amount in the right place at the right time. Fluoride works primarily after teeth have erupted, especially when small amounts are maintained constantly in the mouth, specifically in dental plaque and saliva (Mcdonagh etal., 2000). Thus, adults also benefit from fluoride, rather than only children, as was previously assumed. RISK FOR DENTAL CARIES The prevalence and bad weather of dental caries in the United States have dec reased substantially during the preceding 3 decades. National surveys have reported that the prevalence of either dental caries among children aged 1217 years declined from 90.4% in 19711974 to 67% in 19881991 severity (measured as the mean number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth) declined from 6.2 to 2.8 during this period (Burt, 1989). These decreases in caries prevalence and severity have been uneven across the general population the burden of disease now is concentrated among certain groups and persons. For example, 80% of the dental caries in permanent teeth of U.S. children aged 517 years occurs among 25% of those children. Populations believed to be at increased risk for dental caries are those with low socioeconomic status (SES) or low levels of parental education, those who do not seek regular dental care, and those without dental insurance or access to dental function (Meskin,1995). Persons can be at high risk for dental caries even if they do not have these recogni zed featureors. Children and adults who are at low risk for dental caries can maintain that status through frequent exposure to small amounts of fluoride (e.g., drinking fluoridated water and using fluoride toothpaste). Children and adults at high risk for dental caries might benefit from additional exposure to fluoride (e.g., mouth rinse, dietary supplements, and professionally applied products). All available information on risk factors should be considered before a group or person is identified as being at low or high risk for dental caries. However, when classification is uncertain, treating a person as high risk is prudent until further information or experience allows a more absolute assessment. This assumption increases the immediate court of caries prevention or treatment and might increase the risk for enamel fluorosis for children aged NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR FLUORIDE USE PHS recommendations for fluoride use include an optimally adjusted concentration of fluoride in co mmunity drinking water to maximize caries prevention and limit enamel fluorosis. This concentration ranges from 0.7ppm to 1.2ppm depending on the average maximum daily air temperature of the area (PHS, 1991). In 1991, PHS also issued policy and research recommendations for fluoride use. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which is responsible for the safety and calibre of drinking water in the United States, sets a maximum allowable limit for fluoride in community drinking water at 4ppm and a substitute limit (i.e., non-enforceable guideline) at 2ppm (EPA,1998). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for approving prescription and over-the-counter fluoride products marketed in the United States and for setting standards for labeling bottled water and over-the-counter fluoride products (e.g., toothpaste and mouth rinse) (adenosine deaminase,2007). Nonfederal agencies also have published guidelines on fluoride use. The American Dental Association (ADA ) reviews fluoride products for caries prevention through its voluntary Seal of Acceptance program recognised products are listed in the ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics (ADA, 2007). A dosage schedule for fluoride supplements for infants and children aged 16 years, which is scaled to the fluoride concentration in the community drinking water, has been jointly recommended by ADA, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (Meskin,1995). In 1997, the Institute of Medicine published age-specific recommendations for total dietary intake of fluoride. These recommendations list adequate intake to prevent dental caries and tolerable upper intake, defined as a level unlikely to pose risk for adverse effects in almost all persons. COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF FLUORIDE MODALITIES Documented effectiveness is the most basic requirement for providing a health-care service and an important requirement for preventive services (e.g., caries-preventiv e modalities). However, effectiveness alone is not a sufficient reason to initiate a service. Other factors, including cost, must be considered. A sensory system is more cost-effective when deemed a less expensive way, from among competing alternatives, of meeting a stated objective (Garcia,1989). In public health planning, determination of the most cost-effective alternative for prevention is essential to using scarce resources efficiently. Dental-insurance carriers are also interested in cost-effectiveness so they can help purchasers use funds efficiently. Because fractional of dental expenditures are out of pocket (Garcia, 1989), this topic interests patients and their dentists as well. Potential improvement to quality of life is also a consideration. The contribution of a respectable dentition to quality of life at any age has not been quantified, but is probably valued by most persons. Although solid data on the cost-effectiveness of fluoride modalities alone and in combina tion are needed, this information is scarce. In 1989, the Cost Effectiveness of Caries Prevention in Dental Public Health workshop, which was be by health economists, epidemiologists, and dental public health professionals, attempted to assess the cost-effectiveness of caries-preventive approaches available in the United States (Downer et al., 1981). fraternity Water Fluoridation Health economists at the 1989 workshop on cost-effectiveness of caries prevention calculated that the average annual cost of water fluoridation in the United States was $0.51 per person (range $0.12$5.41) (Burt, 1989). In 1999 dollars, this cost would be $0.72 per person (range $0.17$7.62). Factors reported to influence the per capita cost included size of the community (the larger the population reached, the lower the per capita cost) number of fluoride injection points in the water supply system amount and type of system feeder and monitoring equipment used amount and type of fluoride chemical used, it s price, and its be of transportation and storage and expertness of personnel at the water plant. When the effects of caries are repaired, the price of the restoration is based on the number of tooth surfaces affected. A tooth can have caries at 1 location (i.e., surface), so the number of surfaces saved is a more appropriate measure in calculating cost-effectiveness than the number of teeth with caries. The 1989 workshop participants think that water fluoridation is one of the few public health measures that results in true cost savings (i.e., the measure saves more money than it costs to operate) in the United States, water fluoridation cost an estimated average of $3.35 per carious surface saved ($4.71 in 1999 dollars). Even under the least favorable assumptions in 1989 (i.e., cities with populations A Scottish study conducted in 1980 reported that community water fluoridation resulted in a 49% saving in dental treatment costs for children aged 45 years and a 54% saving for ch ildren aged 1112 years (Downer et al., 1981). These savings were maintained even after the secular decline in the prevalence of dental caries was recognized. The effect of community water fluoridation on the costs of dental care for adults is less clear. This topic cannot be fully explored until the generations who grew up drinking optimally fluoridated water are older. School Water Fluoridation Costs for school water fluoridation are similar to those of any public water supply system serving a small population (i.e., Assessment of the Adverse Health Effects of fluorideEvidence of the adverse health effects of prolonged exposure to high concentrations of fluoride are well documented by several peer reviewed studies, which are examined in this paper. Higher concentrations of total ingested fluoride from effectiveness sources like drinking water, food and beverages, dental-hygiene products such as toothpaste, and pesticide residues can have adverse health effects on humans (NRC, 20 06). Some of the adverse health effects of fluoride in drinking water are enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, bone cancer and bone fracture. (NRC, 2006, PHS, 1991). Fluorosis is caused mainly by the ingestion of fluoride in drinking water (Viswanathan et al., 2009). Fluoride has high binding affinity for developing enamel and as such high concentration of cumulative fluoride during tooth formation can lead to enamel fluorosis, a dental condition from mild to severe form characterized by brown stains, enamel loss and surface pitting (DenBesten Thariani, 1992). These dental effects are believed to be caused by the effects of fluoride on the breakdown rates of early-secreted matrix proteins, and on the rates at which the degraded by-products are withdrawn from the maturing enamel (Aoba Fejerskov, 2002). Children are much more at risk of enamel fluorosis, especially in their critical period from 6 to 8 years of age, than adults. Fluoride uptake into enamel is attainable only as a r esult of concomitant enamel dissolution, such as caries development (Fejerskov, Larsen, Richards, Baelum, 1994). There is a 10% prevalence of enamel fluorosis among U.S. children in communities with water fluoride concentrations at or near the EPAs MCLG of 4 mg/L (NRC, 2006). The CDC estimates that 32% of U.S. children are diagnosed with dental fluorosis (CDC, 2005). Today, there are convincing evidence that enamel fluorosis is a toxic effect of fluoride intake, and that its severe forms can produce adverse dental effects, and not just adverse cosmetic effects in humans (NRC, 2006). Burt and Eklund (1999) states The most severe forms of fluorosis manifest as heavily stained, pitted, and friable enamel that can result in loss of dental function. epidemiologic data from both observational and clinical studies have been examined. Sowers, Whitford, Clark Jannausch (2005) investigated prospectively for four years bone fracture in relation to fluoride concentrations in drinking water in a cohort study, by measuring serum fluoride concentrations and bone density of the hip, radius, and spine. The authors reported higher serum fluoride concentrations in the communities with fluoride concentrations at 4 mg/L in drinking water and higher osteoporotic fracture rates in the high fluoride areas that were similar to those in their previous studies in 1986 and 1991. It is unclear in their young study whether existing factors in the population like smoking rates, hormone replacement and physical activity were examined as potential cofounders for fractures. Fasting serum fluoride concentrations are considered a good measure of long-term exposure and of bone fluoride concentrations (Whitford, 1994 Clarkson et al., 2000). Findings by the Sowers studies were complemented in several ways by Li et al. (2001) in a backward cohort ecologic study. The combined findings of Sowers et al. (2005) and Li et al., (2001) lend support to the biological gradients of exposures and fracture risk between 1 and 4 mg/L of fluoride concentration. Evidently, the physiologic effect of fluoride on bone quality and the fractures observed in the referenced animal studies are consistent with the effects found in the observational studies. RECOMMENDATIONS forrader promoting a fluoride modality or combination of modalities, the dental-care or other health-care provider must consider a persons or groups risk for dental caries, current use of other fluoride sources, and potential for enamel fluorosis. Although these recommendations are based on assessments of caries risk as low or high, the health-care provider might also denounce among patients at high risk and provide more intensive interventions as needed. Also, a risk category can change over time the type and frequency of preventive interventions should be adjusted accordingly. Continue and Extend Fluoridation of Community Drinking Water Community water fluoridation is a safe, effective, and tawdry way to prevent dental cari es. This modality benefits persons in all age groups and of all SES, including those difficult to reach through other public health programs and mystical dental care (CDC, 2001a). Community water fluoridation also is the most cost-effective way to prevent tooth decay among populations living in areas with adequate community water supply systems. Continuation of community water fluoridation for these populations and its adoption in additional U.S. communities are the foundation for sound caries-prevention programs. In contrast, the appropriateness of fluoridating stand-alone water systems that supply individual schools is limited. Widespread use of fluoride toothpaste, availability of other fluoride modalities that can be delivered in the school setting, and the current environment of low caries prevalence limit the appropriateness of fluoridating school drinking water at 4.5 times the optimal concentration for community drinking water. Decisions to initiate or continue school fluo ridation programs should be based on an assessment of present caries risk in the target school(s), alternative preventive modalities that might be available, and periodic evaluation of program effectiveness (CDC, 2001a). Frequently Use Small Amounts of Fluoride All persons should receive frequent exposure to small amounts of fluoride, which minimizes dental caries by inhibiting demineralization of tooth enamel and facilitating tooth remineralization. This exposure can be readily accomplished by drinking water with an optimal fluoride concentration and brushing with fluoride toothpaste twice daily(CDC, 2001a). handle Use of Fluoride Toothpaste among Children Aged Childrens teeth should be cleaned daily from the time the teeth erupt in the mouth. Parents and caregivers should consult a dentist or other health-care provider before introducing a child aged Use an Alternative Source of Water for Children Aged 8 Years Whose Primary Drinking Water Contains 2 ppm Fluoride In some region s in the United States, community water supply systems and home wells contain a natural concentration of fluoride 2ppm. At this concentration, children aged 8 years are at increased risk for developing enamel fluorosis, including the moderate and severe forms, and should have an alternative source of drinking water, preferably one containing fluoride at an optimal concentration. In areas where community water supply systems contain 2ppm but 8 years. For families receiving water from home wells, testing is necessary to determine the natural fluoride concentration (CDC, 2001a). Label the Fluoride Concentration of Bottled Water Producers of bottled water should label the fluoride concentration of their products. Such labeling will allow consumers to make informed decisions and dentists, dental hygienists, and other health-care professionals to fittingly advise patients regarding fluoride intake and use of fluoride products (CDC, 2001). CONCLUDING POSITION STATEMENTWhen used appropri ately, fluoride is a safe and effective agent that can be used to prevent and control dental caries. Fluoride has contributed profoundly to the improved dental health of persons in the United States and other countries. Fluoride is needed regularly throughout life to protect teeth against tooth decay. To ensure additional gains in oral health, water fluoridation should be extended to additional communities, and fluoride toothpaste should be used widely. Adoption of these and other recommendations in this paper could lead to considerable savings in public and private resources without compromising fluorides substantial benefit of improved dental health. What is consistent from the literature review is the fact that infants and children are much more at risk of overexposure and the development of adverse health effects. A community water fluoridation program (CWFP) is very safe and efficient, not only in terms of reducing dental caries, but also on the communitys budget (CDC, 2001a). A CWFP can especially help those communities who have populations in the low SES category. These populations have children whose parents or guardians dont always have access to dental insurance and so regular dental checkups to curb the dental caries is not always an option. Reducing dental caries before they lead into more extreme oral morbidity can be very expert to these children. Implementing a fluoridated water program can also be beneficial to a whole community in terms of saving communities thousands and millions of dollars. Implementing a water program would follow strict guidelines set by the EPA, so the optimum level of fluoride would be followed, staying in the range of 0.7 to 1.2, where people would ingest no more than an average of 1 mg/liter of fluoride per day. Moderation is the key. There are studies confirming that ingestion of fluoride greater than the optimum level could produce dental fluorosis. though unconfirmed by studies, individual reports have even sugges ted that ingestion of fluoride 8 mg/liter per day over a long period of time could produce skeletal fluorosis. However, with proper surveillance and reporting of fluoride in water systems, the greater population could be served, increasing the dental health of all individuals, especially the spring chicken and saving dollars from excessive health care costs (ADA, 2009). Remember, a little prevention now can go a long way later. REFERENCESADA (2005).Fluoridation Facts ADA statement commemorating the 60th anniversary of community water fluoridation. Retrieved October 19, 2009 from www.ada.org/public/topics/fluoride/facts/fluoridation_facts.pdf ADA.(2007). ADA Guidelines to Dental Therapeutics. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from http//www.ada.org/prof/resources/pubs/advocacy.asp ADA (2009). Fluoride Natures tooth decay fighter. J of the Am. Dental Ass., 140(1), 126-126. Alphajoh, C.(2009). (PhD Student). Service Learning Activity Environmental Health. Walden University. Assessed November 13, 2009 from http//environmentalhealthtoday.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/commentary-and-position-statement-on-the-safety-and-efficacy-of-water-fluoridation/ Aoba, T., Fejerskov, O. (2002). Dental fluorosis Chemistry and biology. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med., 13(2), 155-170. Bowden, G.(1990). Effects of fluoride on the microbial ecology of dental plaque. J Dent reticuloendothelial system 1990 69(special issue)6539 Brunelle, J.(1987. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in U.S. children. J Dent Res.(Special issue) 68995. Bunker, J.P., Frazier, H.S., Mosteller, F. (1994). Improving health measuring effects of medical care. Milbank Quarterly,72, 225-58. Burt, B. (1989).(Ed.). Proceedings for the workshop Cost-effectiveness of caries prevention in dental public health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1719, 1989. J Public Health Dent 1989 49(special issue)3317. Burt, B.A., Eklund, S.A. (1999). Dentistry, dental practice, and the community. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania WB Saunders Company, 204-20. CDC (1999). Ten great public health achievements United States, 1900 1999. MMWR,48(12), 214-243. CDC (2001a). Promoting oral health intervention for preventing dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers and sport-related craniofacial injuries a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR 2001, 50(21), 1-12. CDC. (2001). Recommendations for using fluorideto prevent and control dental

Should the government be blamed for increase in human trafficking

Should the government be damned for increase in clement traffickingWhat is gentle trafficking and where does it happen? compassionate trafficking is the business of facilitateing people to enter a solid ground illeg whollyy and forcing them to work there for very little money because they gravel no rights (Macmillan Dictionary, 2010). Practically, it happens all over the world. Below is a true story of one of the human beings trafficking victims who survived.I dont know who my p atomic number 18nts are. As a child I remember beingness c ageing all the time. I was abandoned and raped when I was 12. Two years later I was sold off and powerfulnessd to marry. My husband would vex drunk, he beat me and raped me, hed fire bullets which passed plainly by my head or my feet. I likewisek the gun and shot him in the foot. I was 15. I didnt destiny to kill him, just hurt him as he had hurt me. Im more of a Buddhist now, and I try to be reasonable. But when I mark off rapists I se e red. Im non perfect. My husband sold me to a brothel. I had to accept five or six clients a daytime. Once a client called me and a nonher(prenominal) girl he verbalise he was with just one other man. In fact, there were 20 of them they treated us so staidly I wanted revenge. I wanted to kill the man who called us. Then I thought his family would suffer, so I left him alone (Follain, 2005).In the fish Reports of 2004 all the way through 2006, it was aread that about 600,000 to 800,000 victims are fielded to be trafficked across intertheme b regularises each year. According to Inter depicted object Labor musical arrangement in year 2005, about 32 billion profits were made by the human trafficking industry (Polaris Project, 2009). Victims give the bounce be trafficked in many ways. Scam, force and enforcement are several ways how victims net be trafficked (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 2010). in that location are so many factors that can contri exactlye to human trafficking. Among them are the ineffective anti-trafficking legislation, ineffective government enforcement, inadequacy of education, poverty and many more (Caritas.org, n.d.). The list can go on and on but the briny question is who should be blamed for the rise in human trafficking? Abraham Lincoln once said, If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong (Better World Quotes, 2010).Even though many people agree that many agents play a role in fightinging human trafficking, the government should be solely blamed for the rise in human trafficking as they play the biggest role in contributing to the rise of this issue.Firstly, lack of government enforcement causes an increase in human trafficking. Government has fainthearted carrying out of anti-trafficking laws especially in countries like India. For example, the Nepals 2008 Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act has not successfully decreased the rate of human trafficking . According to Shyam Kumar Pokharel, the managing director of Samrakshak Samuha Nepal, this weak implementation of law has led the traffickers to operate without difficulty. There were many times traffickers were caught but only few of them were found guilty. This shows the weak implementation of law had not help to decrease the number of traffickers at all. excessively that, the government also practices non intervention in the immigration procedure and identification of traffickers. Most of the times the NGOs were the one who lead a helping hand instead of the government. There are many cases that were not reported. Up to the year 2010, only 123 cases were reported. These cases are only a parcel of land of the actual number of cases of human trafficking (IRIN, 2010).In addition, law enforcement is also often vulnerable by many like official indifferences. For example, in Thailand, the police do not want to acknowledge migrants who were mistreated by traffickers as trafficking v ictims. There was a case in April 2008 whereby 57 Burmese who were supposed to be trafficked into Thailand got suffocated in a container. The police denied the fact that they are trafficking victims instead stated that they are illegal immigrants. On the other hand, the United Nation classifies trafficking victims as anyone who is transported for purposes of exploitation (Head, 2008). Furthermore, another reason for the increase in human trafficking is because malefactors are gaining authority and law enforcement people are becoming more corrupt making it difficult to discontinue human trafficking (Hughes, 2001). Law enforcement is vulnerable by conspiracy with traffickers, lacking regulatory devices and failure to prosecute public officials involved in trafficking. Law enforcement also tends to squander excessive controls over victims as they put their needs first hence causing victims unwilling to be a witness. This just shifts the control from the traffickers to the law enfor cement officials (Lin et. al, n.d.). Hence, it can be reason out that lack of government enforcement causes an increase in human trafficking.Secondly, lack of suitable and successful legislation on trafficking also contributes to the increase in human trafficking. Most of the countries had legislation that cannot counter attack the rise in this issue. The legislation in most countries does not take legal action straight on people convicted for human trafficking crime. Most of the time, the legislators take this issue lightly. Even when trafficking cases are very apparent, the traffickers might not be prosecuted for the crime of trafficking but for visible light punishment like prostitution or pimping. Besides that, existing trafficking laws are only confined to energizeual exploitation and not other types of slavery. Next, governments focus too much on how to punish others but less on how to prevent this issue from rising (Lin et. al, n.d.). An example of an ineffective legislat ion is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act or TVPA. TVPA is the only national anti-trafficking law. One weakness about this law is that it only punishes those who can be verified guilty in the court that is those who are involved in force, coercion or scam. However, the traffickers can easily cover up this wrong doings and it would be a difficult task to prove these traffickers guilty. Besides that, this process might take months or even a few years. A trafficking victim does not have the capability to fight the case. With this, the TVPA seems meaningless as it could not really help the trafficking victims nor punish the traffickers (Brannon, 2010).In addition, trafficked victims and not the traffickers were given cruel punishment. This happens because of the ineffective judicial system. Instead of helping those victims, the authorities mistreat the victims by locking them up in jail. Thus the authorities do not treat them as victims but as criminals. Das family is a good proof of this case. Das father had father one of the trafficking victims who were tricked to work in Bangkok. Das mother had to fee a large amount of money to get him back. Da and her mother went and beg. However, not long after that police picked them up and sent them to jail pending for their transfer back to Cambodia (Bjork and Chalk, 2009). On the other hand, the traffickers are tumefy protected and are not punished for their wrongs. Occasionally, intimate practice trafficking victims were sent back to their country of origin after being arrested in brothel raids. Then, they will have to face embarrassment as many people will look down on them (Tiefenbrun, 2002). Hence, the government should be blamed for ineffective anti-trafficking legislation.Thirdly, the situation in the country of origin also leads to human trafficking. One of the main causes of human trafficking is poverty. More than half of the citizens survive only on US$ 1 per day in places where victims stayed (Getu, 2006 ). Many victims of human trafficking came from poor country where they live in poverty. Then, the next question asked is who is responsible for causing poverty. Governments are the ones to be blamed as they refuse to acknowledge poverty (Huckstep, 2009-2010). Although these trafficking victims knew that they are going to be underpaid by private enterprise, these victims who live in poverty are still attracted to the pay. This is because they know that this pay is better than continuing to live in poverty in their own country. Besides that, there are about governments that persuade their citizens to work overseas. In order to pay back the international debts, countries like Philippine had developed a program called the Philippine Labor Export Program to persuade their citizens to work abroad for the in-flow of overseas income even though the work is hazardous (Oxman-Martinez et. al, 2000).Furthermore, governments poor ruling politically, socially and economically also contributes t o the increase of human trafficking. This causes countries to be prone to become a source of trafficking victims even if laws are carried out properly (Ghosh, 2008). Besides that, many children, even those as young as two years old are trafficked and exploited from Bangladesh, Pakistan, in South Asia and Africa and countries in the East Africa as camel jockeys in the Gulf states. These children have no bright future because they do not have useful skills or teachings and they are physically and psychologically traumatized for a very long time (U.S. Department of State, 2005). Some of the victims of trafficking want to find for a better education but they were tricked and became victims of human trafficking. Thus, in damage of education, government is also responsible for the lack of education as some governments do not do much to improve the education in their countries. Governments should be more engaged in and come out with positive ways to tackle the lack of education as it can c ause human trafficking, eventually. Thus, governments are to be blamed for causing the country to be in a poor state and more citizens become victims of human trafficking.Fourthly, the lack of unity between governments and other institutions is also one of the causes for the rise in this issue. Since there is a lack of national anti-trafficking plans, most of these plans are developed within the perspective of each individual agencys mission. Eventually, plans are poorly developed as they are not based on a higher level supervision (Langberg, 2010). National anatomical structures were established by South Eastern Europe and there is a noticeable progress made. However, the national structures that are established did not mean human trafficking was combated successfully. Combating human trafficking is initiated by the local NGOs then only it was supported by international and intergovernmental organizations. The purpose of this structure is to shift the duty to governments but inste ad governments take over the NGOs that was administrating the programs (Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe, 2004).In addition, there is also a lack of government programs and funding with other institutions. For example, in Romania, the government does not give much assistance with anti-trafficking NGOs and did not assigned funding for NGOs to provide work and carry out programs for human trafficking victims after National Agency against Trafficking in Persons (NAATIP) became an assistant agency of the National Police under the Ministry of Interior (Embassy of the United States capital of Romania Romania, 2010). There are different definitions by the government and NGO that causes a gap between them. Government defines human trafficking according to United Nation but the NGO defines trafficking based on the result only. In order to prove this, we can look at the different statistics of human trafficking by NGOs and governments (Piper, 2005). According to global Ju stice Mission, an NGO who claim to cooperate with the government to combat human trafficking, almost 2 million children are exploited in the commercial sex trade (International Justice Mission, n.d.). However, this contradicts with the statistics given by the U.S. Department of State in 2005 that stated 1 million children are exploited in the commercial sex trade (Polaris Project, 2009). Based on the difference in statistic, we can say that NGO and governments have different definition of human trafficking. Hence, it can be concluded that lack of governments cooperation with other institutions also increases the number of human trafficking cases.However, there are some people who think that the media should be blamed for the increase in human trafficking as well. Newspapers, television and radio are examples of media that play a vital role in educating the public on human trafficking. Gradually, the net also can play a role in tackling this issue. The media can highlight the rise o f this issue and how it affects everybody. Conversely, media coverage is weak in many parts of the world (UN.Gift, 2006). There is no wide medias exposure on human trafficking issue on an international level and the coverage is somewhat inadequate (Bruckert and Parent, 2002). The media should give a report that is reliable and fair. They should also help to inform and increase the understanding of the public on the advantages, disadvantages and the perils of human trafficking (Lin et. al, n.d.). In America, the media was also one of the mediums for human trafficking. Newspapers, radios and especially the Internet gave false advertisements and false job opportunities in order to tricked American citizens to become victims of human trafficking. The media was also used to support and promote demand for marketable sexual services (International Human Rights Law Institute DePaul University College of Law, 2005).At the same time, private enterprise should also be blamed for the increase i n human trafficking. clandestine enterprise should take part of the blame because 2.5 million out of 9.8 million abused by private sectors, are victims of human trafficking. Private sectors had made a lot of profits from trafficked victims and majority of the profit comes from industrialized countries (Belser et. al, 2005). Besides that, there are times when the employers fail to work in the same mind with organizations to combat human trafficking. For example, an employers organization had started a program in Kunming City, China to motivate employers to go against exploitation of workers and human trafficking. This program also motivates employers to monitor themselves through anti-trafficking network especially in sectors where human trafficking is more obvious. However, employers seem to be neglecting this use or fail to see the importance of this issue to their work. There are some employers who refuse to join in trainings. Furthermore, employers demand contradicts with this program organized by the employers organization (International Labour Organization, n.d.). Thus, private enterprise should also blamed and not just solely the government.Many people blame the media for the increase in human trafficking. One thing that many people are unaware of is that many media are possessed by governments. A study was done in 97 countries and it was found that most of the media firms are possessed by the governments especially in broadcasting. Governments ownership is supposed to bring exposure of information like traditions which might not be provided by private enterprise (Djankov et. al, 2001). However, if the media is one of the mediums for human trafficking, this shows that the governments have weak ownership over the media. This all goes back to square one that is governments are the one to be blamed. Eventually governments are causing an increase in human trafficking.Besides that, many people also blame the private enterprise for the increase human traffi cking but people should consider the responsibilities of the government in irresponsible the private enterprise. In actual fact, government should be blamed for they have not set stringent rules and regulations. This is especially true in Japan where criminal organizations, like Yakusa, control the victims, more so sex trafficking victims, as law enforcer care less about them. This shows that governments are not paying help to human trafficking and at the same time denying it. Thus, trafficked women and children who are part of the Japanese sex trade are outside the reach of the law and anyone else who can rescue them from a fate that is dependent exclusively upon the whims of organized criminal elements (The International Human Rights Law Institute DePaul University College of Law, 2001). Thus, the government should be blamed for not implementing strict rules and regulations to prevent human trafficking.In addition, it was also said that labor inspection is governments responsi bility. One of the main obstacles in labor inspection is the governments support in terms of financial. The budget allocation for labor inspection is very minimal and it is so little that there is nothing that can be done with that amount of money. Thus, it is said that weak labor inspection is directly affected by the government. When labor inspection is inefficient, it will also be hard to tackle human trafficking as well (Richthofen, 2002).On the whole, the lack of government enforcement in human trafficking, the lack of suitable and successful legislation on human trafficking, the situation in the country of origin and also the lack of cooperation between governments with other institutions causes an increase in human trafficking. Thus, the misconception of people about why the media and private enterprise should be blamed for human trafficking should be cleared.In conclusion, governments should solely be blamed for the increase in human trafficking as governments are one of the main contributors to the rise in this issue. Human trafficking can be combated if the government has proper governance. In order to solve this issue, governments, non-governmental organizations, private enterprise, media and local communities should work hand in hand as one-side approach would not be effective. Martin Luther King Jr., an American black leader and a Nobel Prize winner in 1964, stated that Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor it must be demanded by the oppressed (Proverbia.net, 2009).(2, 506 words)

Catcher :: essays research papers

Catcher in the Rye H out of dateen Caulfied Saint, Snob, or Somewhere In-between? Although J.D. Salinger has only one novel to his credit, that novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is recognized as an exceptional literary work. The key to the success of The Catcher in the Rye is the main display case, Holden Caulfield. There are legion(predicate) different critics that view Holden in many different ways. Some believe Holden to be a conceited snob, while others see Holden as a Christ-like figure. It is my opinion, however, that Holden is somewhere in the middle. Holden Caulfield is a character who has a definite code of honor that he attempts to live up to and expects to as abide by as well. Since the death of his brother Allie, Holden has experienced almost a complete sense of alienation from the world around him. This alienation is evident in every part of his life. Holden is unable to relate to anyone at the three readying schools he has attended. While standing on Thomsen Hill, Hold en cannot help but feel isolated when he observes the football game, you were supposed to commit suicide or something if former(a) Pencey didnt win (Salinger 2). Not only does Holden feel isolated at the schools he has attended he has this feeling when it comes to his family as well. Upon his return to New York City, Holden does not go home. Instead, he chooses to hide out from his family. According to Ernest Jones, with his alienation go assorted hatreds of movies, of night clubs, of social and intellectual pretension, and so on. And physical disgust pimples, sex, an old man picking his nose are all equal cause for nausea (Jones 7). Holden feels Previts 2 as though all of these people have failed him in some way or that they are all phonies or corny in some way or another. It is Holdens perception of those around him as phonies and again according to Jones Holdens belief that he has a superior moral standard that few people, only his dead brother, his 10-year-old sister, and a fl eeting booster Jane can live up to that make him a snob (7). Presenting Holden as snobbish hardly does him justice. Critics such Frederick L. Gwynn, Joseph L. Blotner, and Frederic I. Carpenter view Holden as a character who is Christ-like in his ambition to protect children before they enter the world of destruction and phoniness (Carpenter 24).

Tennessee Williams Essay -- essays research papers

Tennessee WilliamsTennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1911 inColumbus, Mississippi. As a child, he lived with his mother and grand convey.When he was fourteen, Williams too scratch place in an essay contest sponsored bya national magazine, The Smart Set. At the age of seventeen, his originalpublished story appeared in the opulent 1928 issue of Weird Tales. A year laterWilliams entered the University of Missouri but in 1932 he withdrew and took ajob at the shoe factory where his father held a job as a sales manager. In1935 Williams returned to college and graduated from the University of Iowa in1938. Williams had begun writing plays while attending the University ofMissouri and after his graduation he had supported himself doing a variety ofsmall jobs. In 1939 he won a national drama award for a group of plays calledAmerican Blues. Williams achieved his first great stage success with The GlassMenagerie, which was produced in New York City in 1945. This play won the NewYork Drama Critics Circle Prize as the years best play. Williams averaged twoplays a year since that time. On February 4, 1983, Tennessee Williams died inNew York City. Throughout Williams lifetime he has put forth more than twenty- atomic number 23 full-length plays, more than forty short plays, a dozen produced (andunproduced) screenplays and an opera libretto. These have been translated intoat least twenty-seven languages, including Tamil, Welsh, Ma...